1. For a named volcanic event, compare the primary and secondary impacts (6)

2. Kobe, Japan 1995 and Port-au-Prince, Haiti 2010
Learning outcomes:
MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude.
SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes

3. Why is the ground shaking?
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Can you predict an earthquake?
What have tectonic plates got to do with earthquakes?
Earthquake waves (seismic waves) travel in all directions.
Epicentre
Plates overcome friction and give way, releasing energy.
Fault
Focus
Plates try to move past each other building up pressure.

4. Shallow vs. deep and location
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Where will the most severe damage be caused?

5. What does magnitude mean?
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
The power of an earthquake (how much the ground shakes) is its magnitude.
A Seismometer measures the earthquake using the Richter scale.

6. Seismometer
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes

7. Lots of devastation and deaths Damage begins but deaths are rare.
The Richter scale
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Huge devastation
Lots of devastation and deaths
Damage begins but deaths are rare.
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake is 10 times more powerful than a magnitude 5.0 (logarithmic scale)

8. Earthquake quiz 1. What is an earthquake?
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
1. What is an earthquake?
a) When a plate subducts below another;
b) A plate that overlaps another;
c) A sudden release of energy
2. How are earthquakes measured?
a) Using a Seismometer
b) Using a Thermometer
c) Using a Hydroprop
3. An earthquake starts at the:
a) Epicentre
b) Focus
c) Fault

9. Earthquake quiz 4. How is the power of an earthquake measured?
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
4. How is the power of an earthquake measured?
a) By its magnitude
b) By the VEI scale
c) Using the Richter scale
5. A magnitude 7.0 earthquake releases the same energy as:
a) A rocket launch
b) A nuclear bomb
c) A volcano

10. Effects and management issues resulting from tectonic hazards
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Earthquakes and volcanoes are good examples of tectonic hazards
Hazards pose a threat but not all are hazardous
Depends on a number of factors
The type of hazard
The places vulnerability
The ability or capacity to cope and recover from the hazardous event
If you don’t live near a volcano you are not likely to be affected by lava flows
But you could be affected by volcanic ash
Capacity – absorb and recover from the natural hazard
Japanese increase their capacity to cope with earthquakes, drills
Compared to a slum in the developing world

11. Kobe, 1995 and Haiti, 2010
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Examine the primary and secondary effects of both earthquakes:
Highlight the effects on people and property
Explain why although the magnitude was similar the earthquakes had very different causes and effects.

12. Exam question
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Using an example(s) describe the effects of earthquakes on people and property
(4)

13. Answer
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes

14. Homework – The formation of a tsunami
Learning outcomes: MUST: describe the causes of contrasting earthquake hazards, including shallow vs. deep and magnitude. SHOULD: investigate the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes COULD: examine the different impacts on property and people during the Kobe, 1995 and Port-au-Prince 2010 earthquakes
Using a diagram explain and number the stages in the formation of a tsunami