1. An Introduction to BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY:
RAJESH KUMAR MISHRA
ELEX &COMM ENGG

2. CONTENT Overview of Bluetooth History The Bluetooth Specifications
25 March, 2017
CONTENT
Overview of Bluetooth History
The Bluetooth Specifications
Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Protocols
Profiles
Security
Comparison with other technologies
Future of Bluetooth
Summary

3. One of the first modules (Ericsson)
What is Bluetooth?
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
One of the first modules (Ericsson)
A recent module

4. Ultimate Headset

5. Cordless Computer

6. Bluetooth Goals & Vision
Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology
Short-Range Wireless Solutions
Open Specification
Voice and Data Capability
Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points
Wireless telematics

7. Overview of Bluetooth History
What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
Why this name?
It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway.
When does it appear?
1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones & accessories.
5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998.
First specification released in July 1999.

8. Timeline 1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision
1995 : Engineering work begins
1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate
1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba
1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola
2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, adopters
2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1
2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2
2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)

9. Special Interest Group

10. Technical features Connection Type
Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping) & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)
Spectrum
2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of spectrum = 79 channels)
Modulation
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Transmission Power
1 mw – 100 mw
Data Rate
1 Mbps
Range
30 ft
Supported Stations
8 devices
Data Security –Authentication Key
128 bit key
Data Security –Encryption Key
8-128 bits (configurable)
Module size
9 x 9 mm

11. Bluetooth FHSS Employs frequency hopping spread spectrum
Reduce interference with other devices
Pseudorandom hopping
1600 hops/sec- time slot is defined as 625 microseconds
Packet 1-5 time slots long

12. Time-Division Duplex Scheme
Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s)
One packet can be transmitted per slot
Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots
Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots

13. Classification
Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated & corresponding maximum Range.
POWER
RANGE
CLASS I
20 dBm
100 m
CLASS II
0-4 dBm
10 m
CLASS III
0 dBm
1 m

14. Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a piconet.
Point to Point Link
Master - slave relationship
Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves
Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves (max 7)
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps) m s s m

15. Piconet Structure All devices in piconet hop together.
Master
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
All devices in piconet hop together.
Master’s ID and master’s clock determines frequency hopping sequence & phase.

16. Ad-hoc Network – the Scatternet
Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet
Multiple piconets can operate within same physical space
This is an ad-hoc, peer to peer (P2P) network

17. Bluetooth Protocol Stack

18. Baseband

19. Baseband Addressing This MAC address is split into three parts
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
48 bit IEEE MAC address
Active Member address (AM_ADDR)
3 bits active slave address
all zero broadcast address
Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)
8 bit parked slave address
This MAC address is split into three parts
The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)
Used for encryption seed
The Upper Address part (UAP)
Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation
The Lower Address Part (LAP)
Used for FH sequence generation

20. Packet Structure Access Code Header Payload No CRC ARQ FEC (optional)
Voice
No CRC
Data
CRC
header
ARQ
FEC (optional)
72 bits
54 bits
bits
Access Code
Header
Payload

21. PART TWO
CONTINUE BY
ANIL KUMAR
ELEX &COMM ENGG
ROLL NO

22. Connection State Machine
Standby
Inquiry
Page
Connected
Transmit data
Park
Hold
Sniff

23. Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of the other
It follows paging process
No knowledge about the other
Then it follows inquiring & paging process
Two main states and sub-states
Standby (no interaction)
Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for attaching slaves & connection establishment
Connection State Machine

24. Channel Establishment (contd.)
Seven sub-states
Inquiry
Inquiry scan
Inquiry response
Page
Page scan
Master response
Slave response

25. Link Manager Protocol

26. Link Manager Protocol
The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication & link configuration.
Channel Control
All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master
The master uses polling process for this
The master is the first device which starts the connection
This roles can change (master-slave role switch)

27. L2CAP Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols
Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.

28. Middleware Protocol Group
Additional transport protocols to allow existing and new applications to operate over Bluetooth.
Packet based telephony control signaling protocol also present.
Also includes Service Discovery Protocol. RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager
L2CAP
Data
SDP
RFCOMM IP
Control
Applications
Middleware Protocol Group

29. Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Means for applications to discover device info, services and its characteristics.
TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.

30. IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0

31. IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1

32. File Transfer Profile Profile provides:
Enhanced client-server interactions:
- browse, create, transfer folders
- browse, pull, push, delete files

33. Headset Profile Profile provides:
Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection & accept/terminate calls.
Volume can be controlled from either device.
Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.

34. Core Bluetooth Products
Notebook PCs & Desktop computers
Printers
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
CD Player
TV/VCR/DVD
Access Points
Telephone Answering Devices
Cordless Phones
Cars

35. Other Products… 2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
hands free calls
Digital Pulse Oximetry System
Toshiba Washer & Dryer
Nokia N-gage

36. Security Security Measures Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys.
Further encryption can be done at the application layer.

37. A Comparison
WLAN

38. Bluetooth vs. IrD Bluetooth IrD Point to Multipoint Point to point
Data & Voice
Easier Synchronization due to omni-directional and no LOS requirement
Devices can be mobile
Range 10 m
IrD
Point to point
Intended for Data Communication
Infrared, LOS communication
Can not penetrate solid objects
Both devices must be stationary, for synchronization
Range 1 m

39. Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow

40. Will Bluetooth become a household name?

41. Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
Must provide benefits for consumer
Must not destroy current product benefits
Key Success Factors
Interoperability
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience

42. Summary A new global standard for data and voice Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.

43. “Things that think… don’t make sense unless they link.”
- Nicholas Negroponte, MIT Media Laboratory

44. Thank You