1. Biology: The Study of Life

2. I. Science means ‘to know’ (in Latin)
A. Science is:
A body of knowledge
A process to learn about
the world
B. Biology is:
Study of Life
Biologists study the diversity of Life

3. 1-Living things are made up of cells
Characteristics of Living Things:
1-Living things are made up of cells
2-Living things reproduce (not essential for survival but essential for continuation of species)
species = group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
3-Living things changegrowth and development

4. Living Organisms possess ALL of the characteristics of life
4-Living things adjust to their surroundings (stimulus / response interactions)
5-Maintain homeostasis (balance internal condition)
6-Living things adapt and evolve
7-All Living things must get and use energy
8-Have a DNA genome
Living Organisms possess ALL of the characteristics of life

5. So, What Is The difference:
Growth Vs. Development
Growth: Refers to an increase in size.
Development: Deals with maturation
Adapt Vs. Evolve
Adapt: Inheritance of traits that make you better suited for the Env.
Evolution: The sum of all the Successful adaptations.
For example: A person can grow in size but not be physically, mentally, or sexually developed.

6. Homeo…. What???
Homeostasis: Process by which organisms maintain constant and stable internal conditions. (temperature, blood glucose levels, hormone levels)
Your body works like the furnace and thermostat in your home. The negative feedback loops run until they get to the proper level, like the temperature setting of the thermostat and then stops until they need to be adjusted again.

7. The Scientific Method: a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
Observation: Using your senses to gather data.
Inference: The process of drawing logical explanations about what something means.
Hypothesis: A testable statement and possible explanation of an event based on prior knowledge and observations
Prediction: A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future. Usually written as an If /Then statement.

8. Types of Observations:
Observation and/or Data
Qualitative
NOT measured using numbers.
IE: Beauty
Quantitative
IE: Height, weight, etc
Can be measured

9. What kinds of observations is he making?

10. Kinds of DATA
Quantitative: produces numerical data that can be comparatively analyzed in graphs and tables
a. Tables: Title Table, Columns & Rows have titles
b. Graphs: -3 main types:
line Graphs (measures change/ time)
bar (used for comparing groups)
circle (pie) (shows %)
Qualitative: Descriptive data; written descriptions of observations

11. Observation Vs. Inference Activity
Mrs. Wade will be absent for the rest of the term. She won the lottery and thus decided to take a cruise around the world with her friends, Mrs. Walton and Mrs. Fernandez. She has left each team a bag personal items. She would like you to make 2 observations and two inferences about the contents (you have 5 minutes for this activity).
Non-related example: You observed that the ground was wet. Therefore, you infer that it had just rained.

12. Applying The Scientific Method
make observations /
state problem
form hypothesis
design controlled
experiment
collect data
analyze results
may not support
hypothesis
may support
hypothesis
draw conclusion /
publish
form a new
hypothesis

13. The Scientific Method Students (state the problem) Hate (hypothesis)
Every (experiment)
Dumb (data)
Class (conclusion)

14. B. Parts of a Controlled Experiment
Types of Variables
Independent variable (on x-axis)
(aka Manipulated variable):
a factor that is manipulated/determined by experimenter to see what the result will be
Dependent variable (on y-axis)
(aka Responding variable):
a factor that responds to the changes in the independent variable what the experimenter is looking for

15. Name those variables!

16. Independent Variables
In other words…
Independent Variables
Descriptions
Dependent Variables
Cause
\Effect
Before
After
Input
Output
What you do IF
What happens
THEN

17. Dependent Vs. Independent Variables
Types of Variables
Dependent variables (responding )
Is Always graphed on Y-axis (DRY)
Independent Variable (manipulated)
Is Graphed on the X- Axis
MIX

18. Parts of a Controlled Experiment
Control Group: the group for which the testing conditions are not applied (may receive the Placebo). Experimental groups: the groups where all conditions are held constant EXCEPT the one being tested Controlled variables: (controls) Variables that the experimenters keep the same throughout the experiment.

19. An Example Experiment
Mrs. Fernandez’s son, Dominick, would like to know what will happen to his gummy bears if he places them in water. So, he obtains three (3) gummy bears (all are of the same brand). He places one in 20 mls of water for 3hrs, the other for 12 hrs, and the last for 24 hrs. He uses a 25ml graduated cylinder each bear.
3 mL
6 mL
0 mL

20. Your Turn….
What is the independent variable in Dominick’s experiment? In what axis do graph it?
What is the dependent variable in the experiment? In what axis do you graph it?
What are the controlled variables in the experiment?

21. C. Drawing a Conclusion
The conclusion should always have two main parts.
Confirm or reject the hypothesis
Was the hypothesis correct?
Overall statement of what was learned
What happened and why did it happen?
What’s the main idea?

22. D. Publishing Results
When a hypothesis has been tested and supported many times, a theory may be developed and published.
A Theory is the best explanation science has to offer about a problem after much experimentation and collection of facts.
A scientific Law explains a natural phenomena and is consistently observed

23. III. Other things to keep in mind:
A. Always use metric system!
Distance: meters
Volume: liters
Temperature: oC
Mass: grams

24. How many jumps does it take?
Ladder Method 1 2 3
KILO 1000 Units
HECTO 100 Units
DEKA 10 Units
DECI 0.1 Unit
Meters Liters Grams
CENTI 0.01 Unit
MILLI Unit
How do you use the “ladder” method?
1st – Determine your starting point.
2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point.
3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.
4 km = _________ m
Starting Point
Ending Point
How many jumps does it take? 4. 1
__. 2
__. 3
__.
= 4000 m

25. Gummy Bear Lab Read lab directions in lab hand-out and on board
Conduct the lab.
Clean up (everything must be spotless when lab is completed).
Graph and answer questions
Turn in assignment.

26. Let's
Review

27. Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Several
days pass
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

28. Identifying Variables
Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each student was given the same problems. One group used calculators and the other group computed without calculators.
What is the independent/manipulated variable?
What is the dependent/responding variable?
What is the controlled variable?

29. Identifying Variables
A study was done with an electromagnet system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used and the number of paper clips that the electromagnet could pick up was measured.
What is the manipulated variable?
What is the responding variable?
What are the controlled variables?

30. Identifying Variables
A study was attempted to find if the length of the string in a string telephone affected its sound clarity.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
What are the controlled variables?

31. Your Turn..
Do the next three examples on your own and see how well you understand the concept.

32. Identifying Variables
An experiment was performed to determine how the amount of coffee grounds could affect the taste of coffee. The same kind of coffee, the same percolator, the same amount and type of water, the same perking time, and the same electrical source were used.
What is the manipulated variable?
What is the responding variable?
What are the controlled variables?

33. Identifying Variables
Students of different ages were given the same puzzle to assemble. The puzzle assembly time was measured.
What is the independent/manipulated variable?
What is the dependent/responding variable?
What is the controlled variable?

34. Identifying Variables
A study was done to find if different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
What is the controlled variable?

35. What is the Diff?
A scientific Law explains a natural phenomena and is consistently observed
The law of gravity & Newton's Law’s of Motion
A Theory is a well tested and complex explanation based on much experimentation and collection of facts-
The theory of evolution & theory of relativity

36. But That’s NOT All ALL!
How is THEORY used in everyday speech that is scientifically incorrect?
Michael might say that he has a theory that Mrs. Wade will yell at the class today…
What would be a more ACCURATE word to use?
If he had made the same statement but had replaced theory with hypothesis, THEN he would be scientifically correct!

37. Oh no… Here come the metric problems!
Practice, practice, practice until your good becomes your better and your better becomes your best!

38. Click the image to watch a short video about the meter.
Metric Units km m cm mm
The basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m.
Standard: The distance traveled by light in absolute vacuum in 1⁄299,792,458 of a second.
Metric Units
1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters
1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm)
1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm)
Click the image to watch a short video about the meter.
Which is larger?
A. 1 meter or 105 centimeters
B. 4 kilometers or 4400 meters
C. 12 centimeters or 102 millimeters
D millimeters or 1 meter

39. Measuring Length How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?
What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm
What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm
What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm
HINT: Round to the nearest centimeter – no decimals.
Ruler:

40. Metric Units kg g cg mg
Kilogram Prototype
Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object.
The base unit of mass in the metric system in the kilogram and is represented by kg.
Standard: 1 kilogram is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), a platinum-iridium cylinder kept by the BIPM at Sèvres, France.
Metric Units
1 Kilogram (km) = 1000 Grams (g)
1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg)
Click the image to watch a short video about mass.
Which is larger?
A. 1 kilogram or 1500 grams
B milligrams or 1 gram
C. 12 milligrams or 12 kilograms
D. 4 kilograms or 4500 grams
Kilogram Prototype Image -

41. Measuring Mass
We will be using electronic balances to find the mass of various objects in this course.
A weigh boat, paper towel of some container with be placed on the balance first and you will tare it, zero it out. The the objects are placed in the container and on the scale. The digital read-out has two decimal places, which is the mass of the object in grams.
Top Image: Bottom Image:

42. Measuring Mass – Electronic Balance
a- make sure the balance reads 0.00 g
b-place weigh boat or container you will use to hold the material that is to be massed on balance and press ON button just long enough for the read-out to once again show 0.00 g (tare weigh boat)
c. remove the weigh boat and put the material in it
d. carefully place full weigh boat on balance and read to 2 decimal places
e- remove items, clean up, & zero out balance

43. Click the image to watch a short video about volume.
Metric Units kL cL mL L
Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.
The base unit of volume in the metric system in the liter and is represented by L or l.
Standard: 1 liter is equal to one cubic decimeter
Metric Units
1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3 (or cc) = 1 gram*
Which is larger?
Click the image to watch a short video about volume.
A. 1 liter or 1500 milliliters
B. 200 milliliters or 1.2 liters
C. 12 cm3 or 1.2 milliliters*
* When referring to water Liter Image:

44. Measuring Volume
We will be using graduated cylinders to find the volume of liquids and other objects.
Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water.
What is the volume of water in the cylinder? _____mL
What causes the meniscus?
A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid attract those of the container. The glass attracts the water on the sides.
Top Image: Bottom Image:

45. Measuring Liquid Volume
What is the volume of water in each cylinder?
Images created at A B C
Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder.

46. Measuring Solid Volume
10 cm
9 cm
8 cm
We can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height.
_____ X _____ X _____ = _____
We can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement.
Amount of H2O with object = ______ About of H2O without object = ______ Difference = Volume = ______

47. Remember the Ladder Method1 2 3
KILO 1000 Units
HECTO 100 Units
DEKA 10 Units
DECI 0.1 Unit
Meters Liters Grams
CENTI 0.01 Unit
MILLI Unit
How do you use the “ladder” method?
1st – Determine your starting point.
2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point.
3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.
4 km = _________ m
Starting Point
Ending Point
How many jumps does it take? 4. 1
__. 2
__. 3
__.
= 4000 m

48. Lets Practice Metric Conversions!!!
Write the correct abbreviation for each metric unit.
1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____
2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____
3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____
Try these conversions, using the ladder method.
10) 2000 mg = _______ g 15) 5 L = _______ mL 20) 16 cm = _______ mm
11) 104 km = _______ m 16) 198 g = _______ kg 21) 2500 m = _______ km
12) 480 cm = _____ m 17) 75 mL = _____ L 22) 65 g = _____ mg
13) 5.6 kg = _____ g 18) 50 cm = _____ m 23) 6.3 cm = _____ mm
14) 8 mm = _____ cm 19) 5.6 m = _____ cm 24) 120 mg = _____ g

49. Conversion Challenge
1. kg kg
2. m l
3. g m
4. ml cm
5. mm mm
6. L km
7. km mg
8. cm mm
9. mg g
10. 2 g
25. < m
26. > m
27. = g
28. = cm
29. < ml
30. >

50. Microscopes
Around 1590, two Dutch eye glass makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his father Hans put several lenses in a tube and invented the compound microscope (which is a microscope that uses two or more lenses). 

51. ________ passes through object
Differentiate between Compound Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes
Compound Light
Electron
How is object viewed?
________ passes through object
beam of _______ illuminates object
What is the magnification?
_______ x ______
up to ______x
light
electrons
eyepiece objective
much greater magnification
2000

52. More on Microscopes The eyepiece or ocular lens usually
has a magnification of 10 times (10x)
Total magnification is determined
by multiplying the eyepiece magnification times the
objective lens

53. Label the parts of the microscope:
a- eyepiece
b- stage
c- diaphragm
d- coarse adjustment
e- fine adjustment
f- arm
g- objective
h- base d e f g b c h

54. More on Microscopes
The two lenses in compound microscopes are eyepiece (ocular) and objective (although there may be more than one)
You always carry a microscope with two hands- grasping the arm and the base
The specimen is placed on a slide and onto the stage when viewed

55. More on Microscopes
In the microscope’s the field of view is always a circle
ALWAYS label total magnification on your drawings
Then label name
of specimen and
identified structures

56. More on Microscopes
Measuring the microscope field of view on lowest power-
Place a clear plastic ruler with mm markings on top of the stage of your microscope. 
Using lowest power objective, focus your image. 
Count how many divisions of the ruler fit across the diameter of the field of view. 
Multiply the number of divisions by 1000 to obtain the field of view in micrometers (µm). Record this in µm (micrometers) (1mm = 1000 µm)

57. Microscopes What is a light/compound microscope?
Click on the link below for more microscope facts
compound microscope facts

58. Microscopes What is an electron microscope?
What is the difference between TEM (transmission electron microscope) and a SEM (scanning electron microscope)?
Allows scientists to view a universe too small to
be seen with a light microscope. They don’t use
light waves; they use electrons (negatively charged
electrical particles) to magnify objects up to two
million times.
TEMs allows beams of electrons to go through the
specimen while SEMs beams of electrons bounce
off of the specimen and result in a 3D image.
All images are black and white…why?

59. Electron Microscope game
Click the link!
microscope game