1. Matthias Beekmann3, Armand Albergel2
Sulphur Chemistry and Acid Rain over China. How to Compute the Contribution of Each Province?
Ding Zhongyuan1, Ruibin Wang1, Liu Fang1, Claude Derognat2, Genevieve Guerinot2,
Matthias Beekmann3, Armand Albergel2
1China National Environmental Monitoring Center Beijing China
2ARIA Technologies SA Boulogne-Billancourt France
3Institut Pierre Simon Laplace CNRS France

2. Summary  Software « CHIMERE » at the CNEMC:
Summary  Software « CHIMERE » at the CNEMC:  Comparison with CNEMC data  One year modeling ( Year 2000)  Flux exchanges between provinces

3. Processes taken into accounthv
Deposition
Winds limit layer
FREE TROPOSPHERE
100 m
Temperature
2000 m
Winds altitude
MIXING LAYER
evening
noon
morning
COV
NOx
Inversion
La pollution de l'air résulte de l'intéraction de plusieurs phénomènes physiques complexes. Elle dépend:
de la nature et de la quantité des espèces chimiques émises dans l'atmosphère par les transports (routiers, aérien, etc...), et par les différentes activités industrielles, domestiques, et de la végétation (biogéniques),
du déplacement de ces espèces sous l'action du vent, et de la turbulence de l'air.
des réactions chimiques entre ces espèces sous l'influence des conditions météorologiques.

4. Algorithms
Chemical mechanism : adapted for SO2 , H2SO4 gaseous and aqueous chemistry
MELCHIOR reduced : 48 species and 128 chemical reactions
Photolytic rate : attenuated by cloudiness
Wet and dry deposition for SO2 an H2SO4 :
The Dry Deposition Velocity is calculated with a resistance approach as proposed by Wesely et al., (1989)
In the case of the wet deposition, the following processes are considered :
In-cloud scavenging of :
- SO4 aerosol - Gaseous species (now SO2 and H2O2)
Sub-cloud scavenging of :
- SO4 aerosol - Highly soluble gaseous species (now HNO3)

5. Showcase Grid
55°
15°
90°
150°
1° x 1°
Latitude : 15°N-55°N resolution 1° Longitude : 90°E-150°E resolution 1°
7 levels including the all PBL from surface to 400 hPa
60x40=2400 meshes x 7 levels

6. Input data Land Cover : USGS (U.S. Geological Survey)
15 land use categories
Meteorology : ECMWF ( Centre Européen de Prévisions météorologiques à moyen terme)
Emissions :
ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment)
Y2000
resolution 1°x1° http ://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/aceasia
Seasonal modulation from GEIA (1985)

7. Y2000 data collection Emissions

8. Pollution by activity type and Season modulation
Industry
Housing
Transportation
Heating
SO2
35 %
14 %
2 %
49 %
NOx
23 %
8 %
42 %
27 %
VOCs
30 %
36 %
33 %
1 % CO
10 %
34 %
No seasonal modulation (industry and transportation)
Seasonal modulation as SO2 (GEIA )

9. ACE-Asia
SO2 area emissions

10. SO2 large point sources emissions
ACE-Asia
SO2 large point sources emissions

11. CO emissions

12. NO emissions

13. Correspondance between VOC Klimont et al (2002) and MELCHIOR VOC
VOC Speciation
Correspondance between VOC Klimont et al (2002) and MELCHIOR VOC
CHINA VOC speciation
COV dans MELCHIOR
Spéciation
Ethane
N-butane
Ethène
Propène
O-xylène
Formaldéhyde
Acétaldéhyde
Butan-2-one
5.9 %
41.1 %
11 %
14.5 %
22.4 %
1.1 %
1.8 %
1 %
Spéciation de Klimont et al (2002)
Espèces contenues dans MELCHIOR
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Autres alcanes
Ethène
Propène
Autres alcènes
Acétylène
Benzène
Toluène
Autres aromatiques
Formaldéhyde
Autres aldéhydes
Cétone
Halocarbones
Autres COVs
n-butane
½ Propène + ½ n-butane
O-xylène
Acétaldéhyde
Butan-2-one
Non-réactifs
Europe VOC
COV dans MELCHIOR
Spéciation
Ethane
N-butane
Ethène
Propène
O-xylène
Formaldéhyde
Acétaldéhyde
Butan-2-one
26.3 %
35.6 %
7.1 %
15.6 %
6.6 %
1.3 %
5.9 %

14. VOC emissions with speciation

15. Ratio VOC Biogenic / Anthropogenic
Summer
Winter
Biogenic VOC emission are significant in the south

16. Evaluation using CNEMC data (Year 2000)

17. Evaluation using CNEMC data
50 ground station measurements SO2 et de NO2 Hourly base 1 June 2000  31 december 2000.
Rain episode : measurements of H2SO4 and of the rainfall amount

18. [SO4] bias 1200 « episodes » over 54 sites.
Under-estimation of the SO4 in the rain water
A part due to the rainfall data

19. Rainfall bias 1200 « episodes » over 54 sites.
High under-estimation of rainfall when using ECMWF coarse data

20. Season cycle model values ×5 Summer : Rain , SO4 concentrations 
Winter : Rain , SO4 concentration 

21. [SO2] air concentration
Question of Urban or background measurements (Continental scale)
Spatial distribution OK
Mean concentration from june 2000 to december 2000

22. [NO2] air concentration
Question of Urban or background measurements (Continental scale) (traffic ?)

23. Time Series Examples Station du N-E Station du Sud NE: Bias OK
Au S et S-O : High Bias (emission ? Or model resolution ?)

24. Main results (Year 2000)

25. Season Cycle on SO2 Mean [SO2] at 15 h TU lors de: Winter Spring
Autumn
Summer
Mean [SO2] at 15 h TU lors de:
Winter (D,J,F) Spring (M,A,M)
Summer (J,J,A) Autumn (S,O,N)

26. OZONE ppb
Spring
Winter
Summer
Autumn

27. WINTER Sulfur deposition
Cumulated deposition
total (DT),
dry (DS)
wet (DH) )
précipitations (Pr)
Winter (D,J,F) DT DS Pr DH
Dry deposition mostly
West to East transfer

28. SUMMER Sulfur deposition
Cumulated deposition
total (DT),
dry (DS)
wet (DH)
precipitations (Pr)
Winter (D,J,F). DT DS Pr DH
Wet deposition more efficient

29. Evaluation pollutant fluxes exchange between geographical zones

30. Area definition Provinces names 1 All other (including sea…) 2
Shandong 3
Hebei, Beijing,Tianjin 4
Jilin, Neimenggu, Heilongliang 5
Lianing 6
Xinjinag, Quinghai,Xizang, Gansu, Ningxiahu 7
Sichuan, Choncquing 8
Guizhou 9
Shaanxi 10
Shanxi 11
Henan 12
Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi 13
Shangai, Jiangsu 14
Zheijang, Fujian 15
Guanghing, Hainan 16
Yunnan, Gangxi 17
Taiwan 18
Corée du Nor 19
Corée du sud 20
Japon 21
Mongolie 22
Indochine

31. Where does the emitted SO2 give acid rain ?
Year 2000
Where does the sulphur come from ?

32. Where does sulphur pollution come from?

33. Next steps ?

34. Next steps ? Focus on one or two target area
Improve resolution (10 to 5 km)
Nested in the CHIMERE-CHINE
Using a more precise emission inventory
Use of CHIMERE particle version