1. Name of Trainer Company Name Date of Presentation
Lighting 101 and Beyond A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting
Name of Trainer
Company Name
Date of Presentation

2. Course Objectives
Provide information about energy efficient lighting technologies and how BPA promotes them
Program information that encourages customers to install these technologies
Technical information about lighting and control technology eligible for incentives

3. Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting Improvements
For the Customer:
Lower energy bills
Reduced cooling requirements
Less frequent bulb replacements (resulting in O&M cost savings)
Improved work environment (leading to increased employee productivity and morale)
Positive reactions from those visiting facilities where technologies are installed
For the Utility:
Reduced energy use and related energy supply needs
Reduced environmental impact due to energy use

4. Course Overview Lighting technologies discussion Program information
Incentives available
Requirements
Customer eligibility
Equipment eligibility
Funding availability
Steps customers take to participate

5. Lighting Technologies Discussion

6. Lighting Technology Categories
Incandescent – burns a thin tungsten filament
Fluorescent – mercury ions excite phosphors
T12, T8, T5, CFLs, (1/8th inch)
High intensity discharge – arc welding
Mercury Vapor – old HID technology
High Pressure Sodium – poor HID technology
Metal Halide – best HID product
Light emitting diode (LED) – silicon chip
Induction lamp – radio frequency (RF)

7. Some Basic Lighting Terminology

8. Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Measures the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light source’s appearance in degrees Kelvin (K) against reference light sources
Incandescent color temperatures are about 2,700o K
Daylight lamp color temperatures are 5,000o K +
Indirectly relates to energy savings
Higher color temperature lamps appear brighter
A subjective index depending on personal preference

9. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
A measure of a light source's ability to render the color of objects "correctly," as compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature
The scale is between 0 and 100
Generally, the higher the number, the better
Color swatches used to determine CRI are red, green, and blue
A subjective index: depends on personal preference
CRI is compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature. Therefore, a CRI of 100 in an incandescent is not necessarily better light than a CRI of 86 in fluorescent. It’s somewhat of a bogus measurement.

10. Other Important Lighting Definitions
Lamp – generic term for a light source
Ballast – electronic device that drives the lamp(s)
Lumen – total amount of light produced
Foot-candle – one lumen/square foot
Light Level – synonymous with foot-candle
Efficacy (lighting efficiency) - lumens/watt
HO – high output fluorescent lamp
VHO – very high output fluorescent lamp
HP – High Performance T8 lighting system

11. Color Rendering of Various Lighting Technologies

12. Human Perception Higher CRI lamps improve visual perception
For instance, 50 foot-candles of fluorescent light (CRI 86) will seem much brighter and better than 50 foot-candles of an HPS source (CRI 21)
Using this theory, it is possible to lower ambient light levels and save energy
Higher CCT lamps appear brighter
Higher CCT lamps improve reading

13. What is Meant by the “Visible Spectrum?”
The title gives this away
The visible spectrum of light includes all of the wavelengths of light that our eyes are capable of seeing
The human eye can see light only between about 380 and 780 nanometers wavelength
Infrared goggles allow our eyes to see into the infrared region of light (above 780 nanometers)

14. The Primary Colors of Light
Covers the spectrum well. Can be mixed to create almost any other color. These are the colors humans see the best. Same colors used in TV screens (CRT).
A combination of all three primary colors of light (red, green and blue) appears white. Combinations of two primaries produce the “secondary” colors – magenta, cyan and yellow. The three primary colors can be mixed to create almost any other color light.
Source: Osram Sylvania

15. Source: Osram Sylvania

16. As you can tell, incandescent is not an ideal light source
As you can tell, incandescent is not an ideal light source. Even though everybody uses incandescent as a standard.
Source: Osram Sylvania

17. Spikes are due to mercury ions getting extra excited.
Source: Osram Sylvania

18. Source: Osram Sylvania

19. Cool White equivalent
Source: Osram Sylvania

20. Warm White equivalent. As you can tell, this is not a great light source. A lot of dead space between spikes.
Source: Osram Sylvania

21. As you can tell this light source over accentuates yellows and greens.
Source: Osram Sylvania

22. Source: Osram Sylvania

23. Information on Energy Efficient Lighting/Control Technologies

24. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Source:

25. Retrofit Incandescent Lamps with ENERGY STAR-rated CFLs
Benefits:
Lasts up to 10 times longer than incandescents reducing maintenance costs
Up to 75 percent energy savings
Less heat means reduced air conditioning load

26. Types of CFLs Spiral or Twist Capsule – A-lamp, bullet, globe, torpedo
Bi-ax – twin-tube, tri-tube, U-tube
Reflector – not ready for prime time yet

27. Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts - T8s and T5HOs

28. Types of Fluorescent Lamps
Normal light Output (NLO)
High light output (HO)
Very high light output (VHO):
An inefficient lamp targeted by Energy Efficiency for change-outs!
Energy saver – reduced light output
Source: Philips

29. Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature
F32T8 / ADV841 / ALTO
F stands for fluorescent
32 indicates a nominal 32-watt tube
T indicates a tube shaped lamp
8 indicates a lamp 8/8th inch diameter
ADV indicates High Performance lamp
8 indicates CRI
41 indicates a CCT of 4,100 Kelvin
ALTO is Philips’ designation for low mercury

30. Retrofit Older T12 Ceiling Lights with T8 Fluorescent Lamps
Benefits:
Lighting efficiency can range up to 80 lumens per watt (T12s range only to 56 lumens)
Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy
Provides better color rendering
Standard for new construction

31. Even Better, Retrofit Older T12 Lights With High Performance T8 Lamps
Benefits:
Lighting efficiency can range up to 100 lumens per watt (T12s range to 56 lumens)
Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy
Provides better color rendering
Latest generation
Higher light level from a 32-watt
Average life is 20 percent or more longer than standard T8

32. Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Lamps
Philips Advantage Lamp Series
F32T8/ADV841/ALTO
GE High Lumen Starcoat Lamp Series
F32T8/XL/SPX41/HLEC
Sylvania Extreme Lamp Series
FO32/841XPS/ECO

33. Replace Hi-Bay HID Fixtures with T5 High Output Fluorescent Fixtures
Benefits:
Up to 35 percent energy savings
Holds 95 percent of their light level, compared to
65 percent for metal halides
Instant on
Offers reduced glare
No color shifting
On-off controls such as occupancy sensors or manual switching

34. T5HO Specifications Ordering Code Initial Lumens Mean Lumens Life @
3 hrs./start
CRI
F54T5/830/HO
5,000
4,740
20,000 85
F54T5/835/HO
F54T5/841/HO
F54T5/850/HO
F stands for fluorescent, 54 is the nominal wattage of the tube, T is for tube, 5 is for 5/8” diameter, 8 stands for a CRI above 80, 35 corresponds to 3500Kelvin color temperature, HO stands for High Output. POINT OUT THE HIGHER LUMENS PER WATT, HIGHER INTENSITY.

35. T5 & T8 Lamps – Considerations
T5s are designed for an enclosed fixture where temperature can be consistent. They are optimal at 95o F temperature.
T8s may become too hot when enclosed and lose some lumens. They are best at 75o F.
Some installers have said this curve is not true.

36. Retrofit Magnetic Ballast with Electronic Ballast
Benefits:
Quiet
Cooler, reducing air conditioning load
No lamp flicker

37. Types of Fluorescent Ballasts
Instant-start ballasts provide full voltage across the electrodes at start-up.
Rapid-start ballasts have a separate heater circuit that heats up the electrode during start-up and stays on during operation to keep electrodes warm.
Program-start ballasts directly heat up the electrodes before applying full voltage. Thus, they dramatically increase lamp life for frequently switched operation (occupancy sensors).

38. Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Ballasts
Advance Optanium Series
IOP-2P32-LW-SC
GE Ultramax Series
GE-232-Ultramax-L
Universal Ultim8 Series
Ultim8 B232I120EL
Sylvania Quicktronic High Efficiency
QHE/UNV ISL-SC

39. Technologies Suitable for Hi-Bay Applications (Fixture more than 15’ from surface)

40. Fluorescent Hi-Bay (T5s)
Reference for hi-bay definition: fs_P3highbay.pdf
Source: Philips

41. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Types
Metal halide
High pressure sodium
Mercury vapor
Low pressure sodium
Probe-start (no incentive) vs. pulse-start
method (eligible for incentive)
Glass arc-tube (no incentive) vs. ceramic arc-tube (eligible for incentive)
Increasing trend of installing T5s in Hi-Bay
applications instead of metal halide

42. Examples of HID Ballasts
Constant wattage autotransformer – standard ballast used on most HID
Linear reactor – energy saving, 277-line voltage circuits only, low voltage swing tolerance
Regulated lag ballast – very tough ballast, handles voltage swings well
Electronic – relatively new product, first generation had problems with premature failures which have since been corrected

43. Other Choices - Induction
Up Side
Lots of wattage choices (55 to 165 watts)
Withstands temperature extremes
Vibration resistant
Long life (100,000 hr.) with low maintenance
Electrical wire connections not necessary for individual fixtures
Street and area lighting where expensive to change out bulbs.
Down Side
High initial cost
Lower lumen output
Often require more fixtures than metal halide or fluorescents
Source: Philips

44. Additional Elements of a Lighting System

45. To Reflectorize or Not …
Specular reflectors add very little value and can increase glare problems
White reflectors are the best choice
Polished (specular) reflectors are relatively useless in industrial applications due to dust, blackening, and the likelihood of incorrect cleaning using abrasives
Even in enclosed fixtures, the reflector needs to be cleaned every months with non-abrasive solutions

46. Lenses Come in Various Types . . .
Acrylic – typical “plastic” lens with little bumps on the exterior to diffuse the light
Prismatic – an acrylic lens with prisms or honeycombs that attempt to polarize
Louvered – small and large cell parabolic
Polarized – small cell parabolic design
Indirect/direct – pushes light up to the ceiling with some downward light

47. Fixtures are also Mounted in Different Ways . . .
Recessed – troffers, cans
Surface – boxes, ceiling, sconces
Pendant – hanging from ceiling
Chain/cable/cord – great flexibility, plug cord into ceiling outlet, a flexible cord can be used to reduce vibration
Hook & cord – Hi-Bay HID

48. Treat Lighting as a System with Specific Parts: Lamp, Reflector, Ballast, Housing

49. Fixture Efficiency
A measure of the percentage of total light exiting the fixture
For bare lamp applications, fixture efficiency is 100%
Rarely are lumens reflected out of a fixture: typical efficiencies are in the 60-80% range
Efficiency increases with a point or thin linear light source

50. Common Lighting Opportunities
Replacing…
with…
in…
can reduce wattage by…
Incandescent or mercury vapor lamp
High output T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp
Hi-Bay lighting
50-75%
T12 fluorescent lamp
T8 fluorescent lamp
offices, retail space, schools
50%
Incandescent lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
recessed lighting or table lamps
75%

51. Common Lighting Opportunities (cont’d)
Replacing…
with…
in…
can reduce wattage by…
Outdoor incandescent lamp
Hard-wired fluorescent lamp
perimeter outdoor applications
30-75%
High pressure sodium lamp
T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp
indoor applications
50%

52. Lighting Controls Save additional energy and money

53. Infrared – Occupancy/Motion
Passive infrared sensors detect changes in infrared patterns across segmented detection regions, tuned to the region of human body temperature
Source: Leviton

54. Passive Infrared Coverage
Source: wattstopper

55. Outdoor Sensor Example
Designed to work outdoors – in bad weather or temperature extremes
Source: Leviton

56. Dual Technology: Motion/Occupancy
Emits ultrasonic waves that reflect back to the sensor. Same system a bat uses to navigate its way, only less complex.
When a person moves in the room the frequency of the waves reflected off the person changes. The sensor detects these changes and fixtures are turned on/off.
Useful in conference rooms where people might sit and talk.

57. Dual Technology Coverage
Source: wattstopper

58. Dual Technology Sensor Example
Wall or ceiling mount
Useful in large conference rooms, classrooms and restrooms
Source: Leviton

59. Daylight Harvesting Sensor Example
Consider during design of building
Use with dimmable ballasts and lamps
Not recommended for retrofits

60. Case Studies of Some Recent Lighting Projects

61. Uses half the wattage and provides twice as much light!
Cal Air Metal and Pipe Fabrication Facility
400 Metal Halide – (451 watts)
6-lamp T8 fixtures (228 watts)
Before Lighting Retrofit
After Lighting Retrofit
A project of Cal-Airs. Half the connected load and twice the light. ADD SOME MORE – SEA TAC AIRPORT & 1-2 NEW ONES
23 foot-candles
50 foot-candles
Uses half the wattage and provides twice as much light!
Source: Philips

62. Seattle University Benefits from Lighting Retrofit
Before Lighting Retrofit
After Lighting Retrofit
New T5s and T8s replaced Metal Halides and T12s, reduced energy usage by 46%
Increased safety at the pool because reduced glare allows lifeguards to see under the surface of the water
Reduced maintenance costs because the pool no longer needs to be drained to service lights above the pool
Source: Northwest Edison

63. Everett Naval Base Benefits from Lighting Retrofit
Before Lighting Retrofit
After Lighting Retrofit
New T8s replaced metal halides, reduced energy usage by 60%
Improved visibility, especially of banners and logos on or near walls
Crisper, cleaner atmosphere
Reduced “hot spots” of concentrated light in favor of more uniform light distribution
Source: Northwest Edison

64. Gunderson Inc. Benefits from Lighting Retrofit
Before Lighting Retrofit
After Lighting Retrofit
New T8s and reflectors replaced T12 VHO to reduce energy usage by 76%
Light levels increased by 40%
Saved close to $30,000 in annual electricity costs
Paid for itself in 5 months after incentives and tax credits
Source: Christenson Electric

65. How to Decide?

66. Decision Process: Key Questions
Economics
Are incentives available?
What is the simple payback period?
Lighting Levels
Are the current light levels adequate?
Is there an opportunity to lower ambient light levels and use task lighting?
Color Rendering
Is color rendering important?
Recommended Technologies
What does the lighting audit or software analysis recommend?
Which technologies and products apply?
Other Opportunities
Do occupancy levels provide opportunities for occupancy sensors?
Is there an opportunity for harvesting daylight?

67. Important Note
There are many products on the market that meet the requirements of the utility’s program
Some products are superior to others
For their protection, participating customers should research the products for quality, price, and conformity with the utility’s requirements before making their decision to buy

68. Information about Commercial & Industrial Lighting Program

69. Commercial and Industrial Lighting Program
Has incentives to reduce up-front cost of efficiency improvements
Easy program administration
Lighting audits required
Promotes:
The best light sources for the application
The highest quality light sources
Increased energy efficiency for participating businesses

70. Incentives Available through the Program
Existing Equipment
Measure Description
$/unit
High Performance T8 Fluorescent Lamps and Electronic Ballast
T12 Fluorescent, T8 De-Lamp, Incandescent or Mercury Vapor
1 lamp and electronic ballast (15 to 44 input watts)
$15.00
2 to 4 lamps and electronic ballast (45 to 114 input watts)
$30.00
T8 or T5 Fluorescent Lamps and Standard Electronic Ballast
$8.00
Hardwired Compact Fluorescent (Hardwired ballast and replaceable lamp)
Incandescent or Mercury Vapor
7 to 49 watts (nominal lamp watts)
50 to 99 watts
$50.00

71. Incentives Available (cont’d)
Existing Equipment
Measure Description
$/unit
Ceramic Metal Halide Luminaire (New Fixture)
Incandescent or Mercury Vapor
20 to 100 watts
$50.00
101 to 250 watts
$80.00
Screw-in Compact Fluorescent Lamps (Lamp Only)
3 to 24 watts
$3.00
25 to 45 watts
$6.00
Over 45 watts
$12.00
LED or Cold Cathode Signs
Retrofit kit or Replace existing incandescent sign
$30.00
Induction Lamp Luminaire
100 watts or less (nominal lamp watts)
$60.00
Over 100 watts
$120.00

72. Incentives Available (cont’d)
Existing Equipment
Measure Description
$/unit
High Output Fluorescent Luminaire (New Fixture)
HV/VHO T12, or MV/HPS, or
Probe Start Metal Halide, or Incandescent
85 to 129 watts (ballast input watts)
$80.00
130 to 189 watts
$100.00
190 to 249 watts
$120.00
250 to 600 watts
$140.00
Pulse Start Metal Halide Luminaire (New Fixture)
HV/HO T12, or MV/HPS, or
300 to 399 watts (nominal lamp watts)
400 to 750 watts
$150.00

73. Incentives Available (cont’d)
Existing Equipment
Measure Description
$/unit
Occupancy Sensors and/or Timers
Manual Control
100 to 200 watts controlled
$35.00
Over 200 watts controlled
$45.00
Retrofit High Output Fixtures with T8 Lamps & Ballasts
8’ T12 HO/VHO, or 4’ HO De-Lamp
1 T8 8' lamp and standard electronic high output ballast
$20.00
(2 to 6) 4' T8 lamps and standard electronic high output ballast
$40.00
Retrofit Very High Output Fixtures with T5 Lamps & Ballasts
8’ T12 VHO
2 T5 lamps and high output ballast
$25.00
3-4 T5 lamps and high output ballast
$50.00

74. Eligibility Requirements
Customer requirements
Must be a commercial or industrial customer of a participating BPA utility
Must first have a lighting audit performed
Must sign an agreement with their utility prior to purchasing and installing equipment
Project requirements
All equipment to be installed must meet specifications and requirements (
For retrofit projects, the affected lighting load must be reduced by at least 30 percent

75. Eligibility Requirements (cont’d)
Incentive Constraints
Funds are offered on “first-come, first-served” basis
The amount of the incentive cannot exceed 70 percent of the total project cost (including labor)
Minimum recommended project size is $500
Disposal Requirements
All materials, including PCB ballasts, must be disposed of or recycled in accordance with current environmental laws

76. Steps for Participation
Customer completes sign-up form:
Name of business/building and address
Owner’s and lessee’s names and telephone numbers
Building size, number of floors and use (retail, office, etc.)
Type of heating system
Additional information as needed

77. Steps for Participation (cont’d)
Utility explains requirements and assesses eligibility
Utility schedules a lighting audit
Audit findings are reported to the customer
If customer wishes to proceed with the project, they sign an agreement with utility

78. Steps for Participation (cont’d)
When project is completed, customer notifies utility and submits invoices and supporting information
After utility inspects project and provides final approval, customer incentive is paid

79. Questions? Contact us: ___________ Utility
Energy Conservation Department
P.O. Box 1234
Anytown, WA