1. Chapter 11: Forestry and Resource Management
Mr. Manskopf
Notes also at

2. Essential Questions Covered
Describe the impact of human activities on the land.
What are some local and federal laws governing land usage.

3. Section 1 Resource Management
Explain the importance of managing specific renewable resources.
Describe several resource management approaches.

4. Renewable Resource Management
Resources are either renewable, such as soil, or nonrenewable, such as fossil fuels.
Goal is sustainability— resource use that occurs only as fast as can be naturally replaced.

5. What are some examples of RENEWABLE RESOURCES?

6. Renewable Resource Management
Must balance human and ecological needs
What are some of our economic and ecological needs in:
Forests
Wild animals
Clean water
Soil

7. 1)Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Goal: To harvest maximum resources without compromising future harvests
PROBLEMS:
MSY can affect interactions between species and alter entire ecosystems.
Determining target population size is largely a matter of trial and error.

8. 2) Ecosystem-Based Forest Management
Goal: To harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem
Ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protected; resources are harvested selectively.

9. Ecosystem Based Management
PROBLEM: Ecosystems are complex, so choosing which areas to protect and which to harvest is a challenge. Requires a lot of ecosystem knowledge

10. 3) Adaptive Forest Management
• Goal: To gather data from areas managed in different ways, and develop a customized management plan based on the results
Management practices are continually monitored and adjusted.
Can be time-consuming and may require changing established practices

11. Section 1 Review
Explain the importance of managing specific renewable resources.
Describe several resource management approaches.

12. Section 1 Quiz
1) Renewable resources include soil, fresh water, wild animals, and
minerals.
coal.
C. timber.
D. petroleum.

13. 2) Which approach to resource management aims to harvest resources in ways that minimize impact on the ecosystem and processes that provide the resource?
maximum sustainable yield
B. ecosystem-based management
C. adaptive management
D. watershed management

14. 3) A renewable resource is harvested sustainably if A
3) A renewable resource is harvested sustainably if A. the amount of replacement is less than the amount harvested. B. the amount of replacement is equal to the amount harvested. C. soil erosion is prevented. D. replacing trees costs less than harvesting trees.

15. Short Answer
4) Pick one of the types “Management Approaches” (Maximum Sustained Yield, Ecosystem-Based or Adaptive) and explain at least 1 pro and con of that approach.

16. Section 2 Forests and Their Resources
List several ecological and economical values of forest resources.
Describe the costs and benefits of different methods of timber harvesting.
Analyze impacts of deforestation around the world.

17. Value of Forests Ecological value: Provide habitat for organisms
Source of biodiversity
Prevent erosion
Purify water
Store carbon, release oxygen

18. Value of Forests Economic value: Timber for lumber and fuel
Source of food
Raw material for many medicines

19. Timber Harvesting Methods Three Methods
Three methods: Clear-cutting, seed-tree or shelterwood approach, and selection system
May result in even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth
Even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse than uneven-aged regrowth

21. 1) Clear Cutting
Involves cutting down all trees in a region, resulting in even-aged stands of regrowth
Changes abiotic conditions in the area, including light penetration, precipitation, wind, and temperature

23. Clear Cutting Benefit: Cost efficient
Costs: Entire communities usually displaced or destroyed; causes soil erosion.

25. 2) Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Seed-tree: Small numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing, to reseed the area.
Shelterwood: Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings

26. Shelterwood

27. Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Benefit: Less damaging than clear-cutting
Cost: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth

28. Selection Logging

29. 3) Selection Logging
Relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system.
Selection can involve widely spaced single trees or groups.

30. Selection Logging Benefits: More biodiverse, uneven-aged growth
Less overall environmental damage
Costs:
Machinery disturbs forest interior.
Expensive process
More dangerous for loggers

31. Deforestation
Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of biodiversity and desertification risk respectively.
Globally, deforestation adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere

32. Deforestation in U.S.
Deforestation for timber and farmland facilitated U.S. expansion.
By the early 1900s, very little old-growth forest (forest that has never been logged) remained in the United States.

33. Old-Growth Forests Have never been logged
Contain rich species diversity

34. Worldwide Deforestation
Timber from old-growth tropical rain forests is a source of income in developing nations.
Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur far faster
Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously impact on global species diversity.

36. Before and After Desertification

37. Decreased soil fertility from erosion
Deforestation
Decreased soil fertility from erosion
Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems
Premature extinction of species with
specialized niches
Loss of habitat for migratory species such as
birds and butterflies
Regional climate change from extensive clearing
Releases CO2 into atmosphere from burning
and tree decay
Accelerates flooding

38. Section 2 Review
List several ecological and economical values of forest resources.
Describe the costs and benefits of different methods of timber harvesting.
Analyze impacts of deforestation around the world.

39. Section 2 Quiz
1) One disadvantage of the selection system of timber harvesting is that it
produces even-aged stands.
B. produces a monoculture.
C. causes soil erosion.
D. is more dangerous for loggers.

40. 2) Deforestation is particularly harmful in arid regions because it can lead to A. desertification B. a massive loss of biodiversity. C. loss of jobs D. a decrease in greenhouse gases.

41. 3) Which type of forest most likely contains the greatest variety of habitats? A. old-growth forests B. even-aged stands C. plantations D. monocultures

42. 4) How do forest plants prevent soil erosion?
Short Answer
4) How do forest plants prevent soil erosion?

43. 5) Which method of timber harvesting leads to the greatest uneven-aged stands of regrowth?

44. 6) Which method of timber harvesting is likely to be most costly for a timber company? Why?

45. Section 3 Forest Management
Explain how logging is managed in U.S. National Forests.
What impacts does fire suppression in U.S. forests have?
What are ways consumer demand impacts forestry practices?

46. Figure 11-6b Page 198 National forests National parks and preserves
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges

47. Figure 11-6a Page 198 National parks and preserves National forests
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges

48. Most logging in the U.S. takes place on private land, but timber companies are also allowed to harvest trees in National Forests under supervision by the U.S. Forest Service.

49. U.S. National Forests Originally set aside to grow trees for timber
Today, managed by the U.S. Forest Service, for timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, and mining
established in 1905

50. National Forest Management Act (1976)
Requires that resource management plans be made for each national forest
Plans are required to be consistent with the principles of multiple use and maximum sustainable yield.

51. NFMA
Logging has declined in national forests since passage of the Act, but policies are vulnerable to political influence

53. Fire Policies
What is the cause of most forest fires?

56. Surface fire

57. Crown fire

58. Fire Suppression Negative effects on ecosystems that depend on fire
Fuel for future fires accumulates (limbs, sticks, and leaf litter).
Suppressing small fires increases likelihood of larger, dangerous fires.

59. Fire Suppression

60. Prescribed Burns:
* Carefully controlled burning helps to reduce fuel buildup and to restore ecosystems.
Rarely burn out of control, but occasional accidents frighten the public.

61. Sustainable Forestry Products
Independent organizations certify that wood products are produced sustainably.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has the strictest standards and most widely accepted certification process.
Certified wood costs more to produce, but will be supplied by timber companies if there is demand.

63. Section 3 Review
Explain how logging is managed in U.S. National Forests.
What impacts does fire suppression in U.S. forests have?
What are ways consumer demand impacts forestry practices?

64. Section 3 Quiz
1) Prescribed burns are fires that A. are caused by lightning. B. are set by humans. C. never get out of control. D. increase the risk of injury.

65. 2) The National Forest Management Act A
2) The National Forest Management Act A. requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and maximum sustainable yield guidelines. B. requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and ecosystem-based management guidelines. C. encourages prescribed burning as a means of protecting national forests. D. promotes the removal of small trees and underbrush by timber companies.

66. 3) Smokey the Bear’s message resulted in A
3) Smokey the Bear’s message resulted in A. an increased number of forest fires. B. an increase in biodiversity. C. suppression of all forest fires. D. a loss of lives.

67. 4) Fire suppression can result in a(n) A. increase in animal habitats
4) Fire suppression can result in a(n) A. increase in animal habitats B. buildup of material that fuels future fires. C. decrease in property damage D. an increase in the jack pine population.

68. 5) Prescribed burns A. are carefully controlled. B
5) Prescribed burns A. are carefully controlled B. cannot be controlled. C. cause fuel buildup D. cause permanent damage to ecosystems.

69. 6) If a wood product is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, it was produced A. using sustainable methods B. from trees grown on a plantation. C. from recycled materials D. because consumers demanded it.

70. The End