1. Dr Lambert Engelbrecht Dept of Social Work, Stellenbosch University
THE OPERATIONALISATION OF STRENGTHS-BASED SUPERVISION AS AN ETHICAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL AND HEALTH CARE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
Dr Lambert Engelbrecht Dept of Social Work, Stellenbosch University
South Africa

2. Introduction
The emergence of new public management measures as an operationalisation of neoliberal ideas is evident in various social work contexts all over the world.
Consequential changes in conditions of service delivery, control and accountability create an infusion of management mechanisms for bureaucratic standardisation in social service delivery.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

3. exacerbated by a dominant deficit-based work orientation.
This growing global discourse has an immense impact on managers’ and workers’ ethical conduct,
as organisations, and social and health care workers are subjected to ever increasing performance pressures,
exacerbated by a dominant deficit-based work orientation.
These stressors, coupled in many instances with a traditional Western paternalistic and imperialist male worldview of management and leadership in social and health care,
as imbedded in management models employed at organisations,
need to be addressed by a critical theory beyond a deficits approach as an interpretative framework.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

4. as a demonstration of good ethical leadership.
A strengths perspective, defined as a theory of social and health care practice (Healy, 2005),
with a focus on strengths, competencies, capacities, capabilities and resilience instead of on problems and pathology,
is a challenge posed to managers in social and health care in order to counteract this situation (Cohen, 1999), with a specific and concrete approach towards ethical practices by workers and managers alike,
as a demonstration of good ethical leadership.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

5. In response to the before mentioned challenge, this presentation attempts in a vein similar to Ferguson’s (2003) Critical Best Practice (CBP) approach to present an example of a best practice strengths-based supervision of social workers,
which may be replicated, generalise or transformed to fit other contexts and situations in different professional capacities.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

6. Therefore I shall refer interchangeably to:
The South African welfare context, as a showcase for a paradigm shift of welfare service delivery from a social treatment model to a developmental service delivery model serves as an example of a best practice vignette of a strengths perspective on supervision employed at a welfare organisation.
This best practice vignette may thus be applicable and transferable to other disciplines and professions.
Therefore I shall refer interchangeably to:
supervisees/workers, who may be any professional;
and supervisors, who may be a manager in any social and health care setting
within a leadership context.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

7. Content Ethics in leadership, management and supervision
A strengths perspective in social work
Strengths-based supervision
Excerpts of supervisees’ experiences of supervision
Best practice vignette based on workshops with supervisors:
Strengths-based assessment matrix
Personal development plan (PDP) matrix
Strengths-based principles
Language of strengths-based supervision
Cautions regarding the strengths-based supervision experience
Difference between tradition supervision and strengths-based supervision
Conclusion
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

8. Ethics in leadership, management and supervision
Supervision/management is an ethical experience.
Ethics is part of our human quest, which is towards the good (Aristotle)
Being responsible for what we do is thus part of being ethical.
Ethics demands consciousness:
the ability to be aware of what is being done.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

9. But to foster ethical practices (what is being done) by professionals;
the management and supervision of these professionals should also be ethical.
Usually this is an unspoken topic,
as the link between the ethical management/supervision of workers and workers’ ethical performances in practices are not being regarded as coherent.
However, research (Engelbrecht 2010; 2012) shows that workers do as their leaders do, implying:
that supervisees have the tendency to act and perform in the same why as their supervisors.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

10. Thus: if the management/supervision of supervisees is not ethical;
the supervisees are more prone to unethical conduct in practice.
Ethics are chiefly contextualised and conceptualised in terms of what to do and what not to do
as most professions have ethical codes for ethical conduct.
However, little is said on how to instil ethical conduct.
Usually, no concrete approaches exist to instil ethical conduct by workers as well as by managers,
and if they exist, these approaches are charismatic, simplistic, a one-size-fit-all recipe and not scholarly.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

11. It appears that the main features of and common ways to instil ethical conduct:
is in a remedial way,
where the manager is telling the worker what is right and what is wrong,
without necessarily acting as a role model, demonstrating ethical conduct,
and without a process to ensure sustainability of ethical conduct, as these ethical supervision sessions are usually regarded as once-off sessions when a crisis occur.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

12. planned and structured (not impromptu);
As ethics is an abstract concept, the approach to instil sustainable ethical conduct of workers by managers, should adhere to a specific criteria, which is:
part of a process;
planned and structured (not impromptu);
concrete and practical (otherwise it stays abstract)
outcomes-based focussed;
and not within a problem and deficit context.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

13. should thus be framed within a specific approach.
This preceding criteria to instil ethical practices of workers by managers;
should thus be framed within a specific approach.
An approach which seeks to encapsulates the criteria for the instilment of an ethical conduct
is an interpretative framework for strengths-based supervision of workers.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

14. A strengths perspective in social work practice
The roots of the strengths perspective reach deep into the history of social work, as represented by social work pioneers such as Hollis (1966) and Perlman (1957).
A revival of the strengths perspective was initiated largely by scholars of the University of Kansas.
Social workers and other professionals throughout the world re-examined the strengths-based ideas and found them to be compatible with their own beliefs.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

15. A synthesis of conceptualisations on the strengths perspective adheres to a multifaceted philosophy which moves away from pathology and deficits towards practices which focus
on the strengths, assets, capacities, abilities, resilience and resources of people;
and is eminently based on key concepts such as empowerment, capacity, ownership, partnership, facilitation and participation;
it concerns itself with a language of progressive change;
it is compatible with social work's commitment to the person-in-environment;
and it can be applied in a number of contexts and situations.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

16. A strengths perspective on supervision of social workers
Supervision in South Africa is generally defined by a normative or administrative function, a formative or educational function and a restorative or supportive function.
Recent research reveals (Engelbrecht, 2010; 2012) that the way in which these supervision functions are depicted, tends to consider supervisees to be in deficit despite organisations’ social development approach,
which may be regarded as contradicting clinical intervention and correlating supervision practices.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

17. This arises from the fact that the functions of supervision as expounded by Kadushin (1976) are intrinsically based on a traditional problem-oriented paradigm (Perlman, 1957) of social work practice.
In this connection, Cohen (1999) advised that problem-solving supervision may undermine strengths-based practices considering the parallels that exist between the process of supervision and the process of practice.
“…problem-centred supervision would render strengths-based practice very difficult indeed and could result in the strengths-oriented supervisee developing either a powerful resistance to the supervision or a grand confusion in his or her work with clients” (Cohen, 1999: 462)
This postulation was echoed by a cohort of supervisees in SA in resent research (Engelbrecht, 2010; 2012)
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

18. Excerpts of supervisees’ experiences of supervision
“Supervision is a focus on: do this, that and the other and just highlighting what I’m doing wrong!”
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

19. Excerpts of supervisees’ experiences of supervision
“Supervisors rely on their own experiences of being supervised and there practice (social work) experience – which all focussed on problems and deficits”
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

20. Excerpts of supervisees’ experiences of supervision
“Supervision becomes an administration control session in order to deal with day-to-day operations in the office, instead of focussing also on the professional development of the social worker in terms of what the worker is capable of doing”
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

21. Excerpts of supervisees’ experiences of supervision
“Supervision becomes a baby sitting… and a punishment”
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

22. reflecting on supervision in a specific welfare organisation,
As part of the search for an appropriate ethical approach to supervision of social workers,
research was conducted by means of workshops, as a research methodology,
with supervisors in SA
in order to establish a Critical Best Practices (DBP) case study (vignette),
reflecting on supervision in a specific welfare organisation,
with the aim to construct an interpretative framework for the operationalisation of strengths-based supervision as an ethical approach to social and health care leadership and management
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

23. Best practice vignette based on workshops with supervisors
Background of the organisation:
Supervision is regarded as a middle management activity internal to the organisation.
All front-line social service professionals employed by the organisation receive supervision from middle managers in accordance with organisation policies.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

24. All social workers employed by the organisation receive in-house training in strengths-based social work practices
and are expected to reflect this perspective in their interventions as indicated in organisational manuals and documents.
The organisation redefine itself as a strengths-based learning organisation, and initiate processes to transform its problem and deficit oriented management and supervision practices to be congruent with the ideal of strengths-based social work intervention practices.
This revaluation initiated the construction of interpretative frameworks using an inductive methodology by means of workshops with the supervisors in order to facilitate an alternative management and supervision paradigm.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

25. a strengths-based assessment
Workshop participants (supervisors) decided to delineate the organisation’s management of supervision to a two-step process and associated product, namely
a strengths-based assessment
and a strengths-based personal development plan (PDP).
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

26. Strengths-based assessment
The strengths-based assessment of social workers serves mainly as a process of information gathering to compile a strengths register of assets, talents, competencies and capabilities, which may be recognised and actively engaged in the PDP and subsequent supervision sessions of the social worker.
The assessment is a keeping of an assets register instead of conducting a needs survey, as it is:
a compilation of a “skills register” to list what supervisees can do or contribute;
not a denial of problems, but rather a choice to focus on talents, skills and competencies as opposed to spending all the time and energy on deficits.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

27. The strengths-based assessment determines signature strengths, which have the following hallmarks:
A sense of ownership and authenticity (“This is the real me”)
A feeling of excitement while displaying it
A rapid learning curve as the strength is first practiced
A sense of yearning to find new ways to use it
Invigoration rather than exhaustion while using the strength
Joy, zest, enthusiasm while using it
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

28. The strengths-based assessment is an audit matrix on work related strengths in order to:
Identify misperceptions and check them against perceptions of strengths.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

29. Strengths- based assessment
Knowledge
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

30. Social worker characteristics
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

31. Social worker characteristics
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Organisation
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
- policies
- legislation
- statutory processes
- budgets
-administration
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

32. Social worker characteristics
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Organisation
Service users
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
- policies
- legislation
- statutory processes
- budgets
-administration
- culture
-developmental phases
- socio-economic status
-capabilities
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

33. Social worker characteristics Challenges of service users
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Organisation
Service users
Challenges of service users
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
- policies
- legislation
- statutory processes
- budgets
-administration
- culture
-developmental phases
- socio-economic status
-capabilities
- poverty
- homelessness
- abuse
- troubled relationships
- family violence
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

34. Social worker characteristics Challenges of service users
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Organisation
Service users
Challenges of service users
Intervention with service users
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
- policies
- legislation
- statutory processes
- budgets
-administration
- culture
-developmental phases
- socio-economic status
-capabilities
- poverty
- homelessness
- abuse
- troubled relationships
- family violence
- methodologies
- models, theories and perspectives
- integration of theory and practice
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

35. Social worker characteristics Challenges of service users
Strengths- based assessment
Social worker characteristics
Organisation
Service users
Challenges of service users
Intervention with service users
Knowledge
e.g.:
- self-knowledge
- leadership
- communication
- loyalty
- creativity
- adaptability
- policies
- legislation
- statutory processes
- budgets
-administration
- culture
-developmental phases
- socio-economic status
-capabilities
- poverty
- homelessness
- abuse
- troubled relationships
- family violence
- methodologies
- models, theories and perspectives
- integration of theory and practice
Skills
Values
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

36. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDP)
Flowing from the strengths-based assessment's interpretative framework, the supervisors of the organisation concerned identified ten competencies as the basis for each social worker’s PDP, which is peculiar to the organisation’s domain within the social development approach.
The competencies are not a job description,
but are seen as providing a common language;
for the organisation to define organisation-specific practices;
as determined by the organisation's vision, mission and service plan.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

37. Each competency informs specific outcomes,
based on the social worker’s strengths-based assessment and situational work context.
The participating managers interpret an outcome:
as a demonstration of achievements culminating in a reliable, valid, authentic, current and sufficient context, stemming from a particular competency;
the outcomes ought to contain a verb to denote action,
an object or noun;
and as far as possible a word or parameter with which to qualify it
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

38. Competencies
1. Policies and legislation
2. Methodologies
3. Assessments
4. Contracting with service users
5. Engagement with service users
6. Integration of theories, perspectives and models
7. Utilisation of specific Intervention programmes
8. Documentation
9. Management
10 Monitoring and evaluation
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

39. Competencies
Specific outcomes
1. Policies and legislation
e.g.: Practice reflects ability to work in accordance with statutory requirements
2. Methodologies
3. Assessments
4. Contracting with service users
5. Engagement with service users
6. Integration of theories, perspectives and models
7. Utilisation of specific Intervention programmes
8. Documentation
9. Management
10 Monitoring and evaluation
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

40. Competencies
Specific outcomes
Supervision activities
1. Policies and legislation
e.g.: Practice reflects ability to work in accordance with statutory requirements
1.1 Self-study of applicable statutory documents such as:……………..
2. Methodologies
3. Assessments
4. Contracting with service users
5. Engagement with service users
6. Integration of theories, perspectives and models
7. Utilisation of specific Intervention programmes
8. Documentation
9. Management
10 Monitoring and evaluation
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

41. Competencies
Specific outcomes
Supervision activities
Assessment method
1. Policies and legislation
e.g.: Practice reflects ability to work in accordance with statutory requirements
1.1 Self-study of applicable statutory documents such as:……………..
1.1 Present court reports of ….. (service user) and identify ……(social worker’s) ability (strengths and challenges) to work in accordance with statutory requirements
2. Methodologies
3. Assessments
4. Contracting with service users
5. Engagement with service users
6. Integration of theories, perspectives and models
7. Utilisation of specific Intervention programmes
8. Documentation
9. Management
10 Monitoring and evaluation
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

42. Competencies
Specific outcomes
Supervision activities
Assessment method
1. Policies and legislation
e.g.: Practice reflects ability to work in accordance with statutory requirements
1.1 Self-study of applicable statutory documents such as:……………..
1.1 Present court reports of ….. (service user) and identify ……(social worker’s) ability (strengths and challenges) to work in accordance with statutory requirements
2. Methodologies
3. Assessments
4. Contracting with service users
5. Engagement with service users
6. Integration of theories, perspectives and models
7. Utilisation of specific Intervention programmes
8. Documentation
9. Management
10 Monitoring and evaluation
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

43. Strengths-based principles
Principles identified by workshop participants are:
aimed at creating supervisees’ independence;
optimising participation in the supervision process;
respecting self-determination;
develop self-control regarding reactions and decisions;
supervisor lets go of the power associated with the title of "supervisor“;
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

44. focus on success as a necessary condition;
guard against focusing on the past and its connection with current performance;
focus on the development of existing competencies;
create a vision and challenges for the future;
not be crisis-driven;
not see the supervisee as the victim.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

45. Typical social work language tends to be problem-focussed
Participants realise:
Thinking in terms of a strengths perspective requires conscious effort:
The urge to determine what is missing or lacking appears stronger than the urge to locate strengths and resources.
The language of a strengths perspective is important:
Typical social work language tends to be problem-focussed
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

46. Participants also discovered some cautions regarding the strengths-based supervision experience
Supervisees are not always accustomed to the responsibility of “positive ownership”.
“Negative ownership” (being comfortable within a negative situation or co-dependent in some contexts) can become comfortable for some supervisees.
Supervisees to take ownership only when they are ready.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

47. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITION SUPERVISION AND STRENGTHS-BASED SUPERVISION?
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

48. TRADITIONAL STRENGTHS-BASED
The supervisor educates and the supervisee is being taught in terms of ethical conduct
Both the supervisor and the supervisee are involved in the education and they learn from each other in terms of ethical conduct
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

49. TRADITIONAL STRENGTHS-BASED
The supervisor is the all-knowing expert and the supervisee is the layperson
The supervisor admits that he/she is not the all-knowing expert and appreciates and utilises the supervisee’s knowledge and experience
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

50. TRADITIONAL STRENGTHS-BASED
The supervisor takes full responsibility for the critical reflection on interventions, especially in terms of ethical conduct
The supervisor and the supervisee are jointly involved in critical, reflective and imaginative thinking in terms of ethical conduct
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

51. TRADITIONAL STRENGTHS-BASED
The supervisor makes the ethical decisions and the supervisee implements them.
The supervisor and the supervisee make joint ethical decisions, based on what is appropriate.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

52. TRADITIONAL STRENGTHS-BASED
The supervisor controls the supervision process and ethical conduct and the supervisee is being controlled
The supervisor and the supervisee strive to meet each other's needs instead of administering the control of the supervision process and ethical conduct
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

53. Conclusion
Ultimate core question remains: Who is taking ownership of the supervision process, ethical decisions and conduct?
Workshop participants decide:
a strengths perspectives on supervision of social workers holds that ownership of the supervision process implies a shared agenda between the supervisee and the supervisor and that the focus on workers’ strengths does not mean an abdication of responsibilities for the development of own competencies (specifically within the context of ethical decisions and conduct).
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

54. Using the strengths perspective is a “balancing act”
Deficits need to be acknowledge and can not be simply ignored.
This balancing act should be guided by the nature and stage of the partnership, the context and the issues at hand.
The strengths perspective is not just positive thinking in another guise:
It is as wrong to deny the deficits as it is to deny that which is possible.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

55. the fostering of an ethical sensitivity, implying e.g.:
The outcomes of strengths-based supervision, specifically focussed on ethical conduct of supervisees, have inter alia the following components:
the fostering of an ethical sensitivity, implying e.g.:
Awareness of own current values
Awareness of motivations
Knowledge to use power
To accept limitations
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

56. discerning ethical decisions, implying e.g.:
Being open
Making clear decisions
Noticing external pressures on decision making
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

57. implementing ethical decisions, implying e.g.:
Being alert to the possible gap between deciding what to do and actually implementing the decision
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

58. justifying ethical decisions, implying e.g.:
Accountability for decisions made is enhanced by not becoming defensive but being honest and noticing where there are risks, lack of clarity and differences in viewpoints, and
Allowing conflict and disagreement
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

59. ethical peace and sustainability, implying e.g.:
Ethical maturity
Having the reflective, rational, emotional and intuitive capacity to decide whether actions are right and wrong, having the resilience to implement decisions, and being accountable for decisions made.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

60. This reveals true ethical and transformational leadership.
As a proactive response to neoliberal global and local market demands, a strengths perspective thus compels supervisors to employ strengths-based interpretative frameworks for assessments and personal development plans of supervisees, specifically to enhance their ethical conduct in practice.
This reveals true ethical and transformational leadership.
Dr Lambert K Engelbrecht Dept. of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa