Global Governance: Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Global Governance: Poorly Done and Poorly Understood
Guest Lecture, University of Kent, Brussels -Therese Baptiste-Cornelis 28th November 2012

LAYOUT Concept of Global Governance
Key Domains of Activity & Interaction Five Gaps in Global Governance What Needs To Be Done? 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

CONCEPT of Global Governance (GG)
Economic globalisation global issues civil society international mutual dependence Global governance complex of events, processes, and institutional developments ‘world order / multilateralism / international organization’ The rapid development of economic globalisation, the resultant upsurge of global issues and increasing expansion of civil society has led to a deepening of international mutual dependence between countries Scholars coined the term ‘global governance’ to get at a complex of events, processes, and institutional developments that others in the past presumably would have labeled ‘world order’, ‘multilateralism’, or ‘international organization’ broadly construed 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

CONCEPT of Global Governance (GG) (cont’d)
EARLY 1990s James Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel’s Governance without Government. Our Global Neighbourhood Global Governance journal Robert W. Cox calls it nebuleuse Publication of James Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel’s theoretical collection of essays Governance without Government. Policy-oriented Commission on Global Governance’s report Our Global Neighbourhood was published. First issue of the journal Global Governance appeared. Nebuleuse – the cloud of idealogical influences that has fostered the realignment of elite thinking to the needs of the world market. Yet because scholars have used the term in such diverse and divergent ways, we tend to speak past one another. Consequently, the term is robbed of its theoretical vigor and conceptual clarity Many social powers and scholars began to define the models of global governance from their respective perspectives. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

The Concept and Realities of global governance are an outcome of “an ever-present tension“ between the need to internationalize rules And the desire to assert and retain national control” - John Ruggie (2011) Global governance showcases the expertise of leading scholars and practitioners concerned with the processes of international cooperation and multilateralism, but the lines are often blurred 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Many scholars use the term GG to refer in some measure to the process of organizing internationally. In this regard, GG is chiefly concerned with the ways multiple actors help constitute, promote, and sustain systems of international order in ways that tackle problems of global scope and concern. On this level, GG simply repackages Multilateralism, International Regimes, and International Organization Yet this approach in and of itself does not grasp GG’s significance for, on this level, GG simply repackages multilateralism, international regimes, and international organization 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Global governance is generally defined as an instance of governance in the absence of government. There is no government at the global level: the UN General Assembly is not a global parliament, and Ban Ki-moon is not the president of the world. But there is GOVERNANCE. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

In short, global governance today is a highly complex and dynamic field of play. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Highlights not the role of UN member states (the“First UN”) and the world body’s professional secretariats (the “Second UN”) but also of what UNIHP has identified as the “Third UN” who routinely engage with the First and the Second UNs and thereby influence the world body’s thinking, policies, priorities, and actions UNIHP – United Nations History Project - Compiling commissioned research and oral commentaries on the history of the UN The Third UN is comprised of such nonstate actors as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academics, consultants, experts, independent commissions, and other groups of individuals who routinely engage with the First and the Second UNs and thereby influence the world body’s thinking, policies, priorities, and actions (2010) 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Key Domains of Activity & Interaction
ECONOMIC- Dispute Settlement & Standards Setting ENVIRONMENTAL – Climate Change & Carbon Footprint POLITICAL - Power-Sharing and Transitional Justice , Enforcement 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d)
When considering the issue from an empirical perspective, it is clear that the international practice of peace negotiations and conflict mediation over the past fifteen years has given rise to the emergence of two paradigms. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

On the one hand, it has become standard practice that peace accords, in one way or the other, include provisions on how to address the legacy of human rights atrocities that were committed in the (recent or more distant) past. These transitional justice arrangements generally refer to the need to tell the truth, to establish accountability for past crimes, to provide reparation to victims, and to promote reconciliation. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

On the other hand, armed conflicts (most of which are internal) rarely end through military victory. In most cases, international mediators assist in designing a negotiated settlement, and a popular instrument in the toolbox of negotiators is power-sharing between incumbent governments and their armed opponents 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Recomm. (03/10) for the inclusion of the following approaches into transitional justice activities of the UN: Adopt an approach to transitional justice that strives to take account of the root causes of conflict or repressive rule, and address the related violations of all rights, including economic, social, and cultural rights in a comprehensive and integrated manner Take human rights and transitional justice considerations into account during peace processes Taking into account the emerging developments in international law, the principles outlined in this Note, and needs of UN, including its field presences, the following approaches should be incorporated into transitional justice activities of the UN: 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Recomm. (03/10) for the inclusion of the following approaches into transitional justice activities of the UN: Coordinate disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) initiatives with transitional justice processes and mechanisms, where appropriate, in a positively reinforcing manner 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

We have heard about peace processes in sub- Saharan Africa, in particular in Burundi, Sierra Leone, and Sudan Recently Libya (why was USA amb killed?) DCR (Rwanda supporting M23?) Palestine vs Israel (Hamas?) Syria ( Rebels vs Regime) Mali 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) March 22, 2012, Rebel troops appeared on Malian state TV to announce they had seized control of the country, hours after attacking the presidential palace. April Tuareg rebels seized control of northern Mali, declaring independence. The military eventually handed over to a civilian interim government before the junta reasserted control. June 2012, Islamist group Ansar Dine and its al-Qaida ally began destroying Muslim shrines that offended their views in cities like Timbuktu Rebel troops appeared on Malian state TV on March 22, 2012, to announce they had seized control of the country, hours after attacking the presidential palace. The following month, Tuareg rebels seized control of northern Mali, declaring independence. The military eventually handed over to a civilian interim government before the junta reasserted control. In June, Islamist group Ansar Dine and its al-Qaida ally began destroying Muslim shrines that offended their views in cities like Timbuktu Ansar Dine (Defenders of Faith), which claimed responsibility for the mayhem in Timbuktu and is allied with the terror group al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), destroyed several UN world heritage-listed shrines they considered to be idolatrous. The shrines honor Sufi Muslim saints, while Ansar Dine are predominantly Salafist. At least seven ancient tombs of Muslim saints and a sacred door to a 15th century mosque that, according to local legend, was only to be opened at the end of the world, were demolished Pro-military Malian youth gather in support of the Army coup d'etat in the capital Bamako on March 26, (Malin Palm / Reuters) 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) July 5th United Nations passes resolution threatening sanctions against Islamists in July 6th UN warns Islamist fighters in northern Mali that is considering the deployment of troops to the restive July 18th ICC launches preliminary inquiry into alleged atrocities committed in northern Mali The Security Council convened less than a day after Mali's national assembly called for army intervention in the country's north, where Islamists have enforced strict sharia law, destroyed ancient shrines and trapped residents with landmines. Security Council on July 5 endorsed political efforts by the 15-nation Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to end unrest in Mali, but stopped short of backing military intervention there. People load on onto a truck carrying residents fleeing south from an Islamic insurgency in northern Mali at the trading town of Mopti, June 19, Credit: Reuters/Adama Diarra 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Chapter 7 of the UN Charter
MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) Chapter 7 of the UN Charter allows the council to authorize actions ranging from diplomatic and economic sanctions to military intervention Sep 13, More than half a million in northern Mali need aid to cope with rising prices, more, Red Cross says Sep 25, Mali asks UN for 'immediate' action on force to recapture north Oct 11th Radical Islamists in Mali are targeting women with Shariah law punishments, UN human rights official reports Note the gap re August? -UN offices shut down during that period by the way. Most UN ambassadors go on vacation then. The ICRC, which deploys 111 aid workers in Mali, is one of few humanitarian organizations to have access to all of northern Mali, where no United Nations aid agencies deploy any staff. The total of 580,000 is about one quarter of northern Mali's population before the hostilities Citing a letter sent by Mali's interim leaders to U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on September 18, France’s Foreign Minister Fabius said Mali had requested a U.N. Security Council resolution under Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter to mandate an international force "to help the Malian army to reconquer the occupied areas of northern Mali." Chapter 7 allows the council to authorize actions ranging from diplomatic and economic sanctions to military intervention. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) 12th Oct The U.N. Security Council passes a resolution urging African regional groups and the United Nations to present a specific plan within 45 days for military intervention in Mali to help government troops reclaim the north. Diplomats say the challenges of putting together an African force make it unlikely an operation could be mounted before March at the earliest. Western diplomats have privately expressed skepticism about ECOWAS's current plans and it is also unclear whether Russia would support a resolution allowing military intervention. France, Mali's former colonial ruler, has promised to provide logistical support and share intelligence as part of a future intervention in Mali but has ruled out directly sending troops to the country partly because al Qaeda's North African arm is holding French hostages. Some regional and Western governments have compared the situation in Mali and the wider Sahel to Afghanistan. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed former Italian Prime Minister and European Commission President Romano Prodi on Tuesday to be his envoy to the Sahel region 15 members: five permanent members with veto power and ten non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. Meetings are called at any given time when the need arises. Rotating presidency: Members take turn at holding the presidency of the Security Council for one month. 8 August 2012: Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon addresses the Security Council at its meeting on Mali. Credit: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) 19th Oct A high-level meeting in the Malian capital Bamako brings regional and international players to the negotiating table. French and Algerian sources report that Algeria had "tacitly" agreed to intervention. 22nd Oct France announces it is sending drones to western Africa as it discusses Mali strike with US. – RAS 24th Oct African Union says it has approved a political roadmap for Mali that calls for elections by April Africa's biggest country, and a top oil and gas exporter, Algeria shares a 2,000-km (1,250-mile) border with Mali and sees itself as the major regional power, wary of any outside interference. Month Presidency End of Membership Term January South Africa 31 December 2012 February Togo 31 December 2013 March United Kingdom Permanent Member April United States Permanent Member May Azerbaijan 31 December 2013 June China Permanent Member July Colombia 31 December 2012 August France Permanent Member September Germany 31 December 2012 October Guatemala 31 December 2013 November India 31 December 2012 December Morocco 31 December 2013 Missing Russian Federation, and Pakistan (2013)/ Portugal (2012) / Non-Council Member States - Over 70 United Nations Member States have never been Members of the Security Council. An African Union-backed international group of experts gathered in Bamako ... dw.de 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

MALI Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Power Sharing and Transitional Justice (cont’d) Oct 29th US Secretary of State Clinton presses Algeria on Mali intervention plan Nov 6th Military experts from Africa, the UN and Europe prepare to recapture northern Mali, African officials say Nov 11th West African bloc – ECOWAS to commit 3,300 troops in Mali battle plan, group's chairman says Algeria fears military action in Mali could push al Qaeda militants back into southern Algeria as well as triggering a refugee and political crisis, especially among displaced Malian Tuaregs heading north to join tribes in Algeria. Algeria repeatedly has advocated a diplomatic solution to the Mali crisis, and ruled out intervention itself. Although Algiers would not be able to veto an intervention operation by other countries, it would be diplomatically risky for African states backed by Western powers to intervene in Mali without its consent, especially as the conflict could drag on for many months. West Africa's regional bloc ECOWAS agreed on Sunday to commit 3,300 troops to help recapture northern Mali, part of battle plans that will be sent for United Nations approval by the end of November, the group's chairman said. The troops would mostly come from Nigeria, Niger and Burkina Faso, but other West African countries and two or three non-African states may also contribute forces, He said the soldiers could be deployed as soon as the U.N. approved the military plan, which was drawn up by experts from Africa, the U.N. and Europe in Mali's capital Bamako last week. The plan covers a six-month period, with a preparatory phase for training and the establishment of bases in Mali's south, followed by combat operations in the north, Malian army sources told Reuters. Foreign powers are divided on the pace of an intervention. Regional powerhouse Algeria says it prefers a negotiated solution, while France - which has several citizens held hostage by al Qaeda-linked groups in the Sahara - wants a swift war. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Enforcement
UN SECURITY COUNCIL Month Presidency End of Membership Term January South Africa 31 December 2012 February Togo December 2013 March United Kingdom Permanent Member April United States Permanent Member May Azerbaijan 31 December 2013 June China Permanent Member July Colombia 31 December 2012 August France Permanent Member September Germany 31 December 2012 October Guatemala 31 December 2013 November India December 2012 December Morocco December 2013 Missing Russian Federation, and Pakistan (2013)/ Portugal (2012) / Non-Council Member States - Over 70 United Nations Member States have never been Members of the Security Council. ???? 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Key Domains of Activity & Interaction- POLITICAL - Enforcement
28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Five gaps in global governance
Knowledge Normative Policy Institutional Compliance In Global Governance and the UN, Weiss and Thakur identify five gaps between the nature of many current global challenges and available inadequate solutions. These gaps pertain to knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. The extent of the UN’s success in filling these gaps has varied both within and between issue areas. In general, the world body has been more effective in filling gaps in knowledge and norms than in making decisions with teeth and acting upon them. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Five gaps in global governance (cont’d)
Knowledge gaps the nature of the problem the extent and intensity of a global challenge, Normative Policy Institutional Compliance The first is the “knowledge gap.” With or without institutions and resources, there often is little or no consensus about the nature, causes, gravity, and magnitude of a problem, either about the empirical information or the theoretical explanation. And there is often disagreement over the best remedies and solutions to these problems. Good examples are global warming and nuclear weapons. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Knowledge gaps e.g .Global warming At least partially filling the knowledge gap is essential for dealing with the other gaps in global governance. If we can recognize that there is a problem and agree on its approximate dimensions, then we can take steps to solve it. While in a few cases the UN has generated new knowledge, more often it has provided an arena where existing information can be collated and collected, a host of interpretations can be vetted, and differing interpretations of competing data debated. Depending on the strength of political coalitions and entrenched ideologies, there may be more or less room for the actual increase in knowledge to make a difference in terms of policy recommendations. In the past, the First and Second UNs played a relatively more important role both in generating data and in creating and disseminating theoretical explanations than did civil society. This is not to say that they do not continue to play these roles; but civil society actors—such as universities, research institutes, scientific experts, think tanks, and NGOs— currently are playing a growing role in filling knowledge gaps. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Knowledge gaps (that is, about the nature of the problem or the extent and intensity of a global challenge), Normative gaps the rules guiding appropriate responses are contested Policy Institutional Compliance A norm can be defined statistically to mean the pattern of behavior that is most common or usual—or the “normal curve,” a widely prevalent pattern of behavior. Alternatively, it can be defined ethically, to mean a pattern of behavior that should be followed in accordance with a given value system—or the moral code of a society, a generally accepted standard of proper behavior. In some instances, the two meanings may converge in practice; in most cases, they will complement each other; but in some cases, they may diverge. Norms matter because people—ordinary citizens as well as politicians and officials—care about what others think of them. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Normative gaps CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL SOCIETY The UN is an essential arena in which states actually codify norms in the form of resolutions and declarations (soft law) as well as conventions and treaties (hard law). As a universal organization, it is an exceptional forum to seek consensus about normative approaches to address global challenges. Problems ranging from reducing acid rain to impeding money laundering, from halting pandemics to anathematizing terrorism are clear instances for which universal norms and approaches are emerging. At the same time, the UN is a maddening forum because dissent by powerful states or mischief by large coalitions of even less powerful ones means either no action occurs, or agreement is possible only on a lowest-commondenominator. The main source of ideas to fill normative gaps is therefore quite likely to be civil society, the Third UN whose members often affect change by working both with and through the other two United Nations, member states and secretariats think of them. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Knowledge gaps (that is, about the nature of the problem or the extent and intensity of a global challenge), Normative gaps (the rules guiding appropriate responses are contested), Policy gaps in terms of who should respond and how Institutional Compliance The third is the “policy gap.” By “policy” we mean the interlinked set of governing principles and goals, and the agreed programs of action to implement those principles and achieve those goals. “UN policy” documents may consist of resolutions or international treaties and conventions. UN policymakers are actually the world body’s principal political organs, the Security Council and the General Assembly. In these intergovernmental forums the people making policy decisions do so as delegates of national governments. And they make these choices within the governing framework of their national foreign policies, under instructions, on all important policy issues, from their home governments. Or member states may make the policy choices directly themselves, for example at summit conferences. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Policy gaps It is worth noting this is major disconnect in global governance. While the source and scale of most of today’s pressing challenges are global, and any effective solution to them must also be global, the policy authority for tackling them remains vested in states. The implementation of most “UN policy” (as determined by the First UN) does not rest primarily with the United Nations Secretariat itself (the Second UN) but is kicked back upwards to member states. In the face of the continuing “fragility” of the global economy following recent economic crises, Member States called today for financial flows oriented towards supporting inclusive and sustainable development as the Thirteenth Ministerial Meeting of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD XIII) closed in Doha, Qatar. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Knowledge gaps (that is, about the nature of the problem or the extent and intensity of a global challenge), Normative gaps (the rules guiding appropriate responses are contested), Policy gaps (in terms of who should respond and how), Institutional gaps insufficient clarity about lead actors a mismatch between policy and the capacity to act Compliance Institutions are normally thought of as formal, organizations but they may also be informal entities. If policy is to escape the trap of being ad hoc, episodic, judgmental, and idiosyncratic, it must be housed within an institution with resources and autonomy. IGS often exist even when knowledge, norms, and policies are in evidence. They can refer to the fact that there may be no overarching global institution, in which case many international aspects of problem-solving may be ignored—for example, the control of nuclear weapons. Or it may be impossible to address a problem because of missing key member states—e.g., the World Trade Organization (WTO) before China’s entry. (entered in ??) Russia in 2010 One of the most obvious explanations for institutional shortcomings, or gaps, is simply because the resources allocated are incommensurate with the magnitude of a problem. A second major disconnect in global governance is that the coercive capacity to mobilize the resources necessary to tackle global problems remains vested in states, thereby effectively incapacitating many international institutions. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Institutional gaps Many institutions actually do make a difference to global governance: the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN Children’s Fund (better known by its acronym, UNICEF), the International Telecommunication Union, and the World Health Organization, to name but four. The institutional gap is especially striking within the UN system because there are neither powerful, global institutions with overarching authority over members nor even flimsy ones whose resources are commensurate with the size of the trans-border problems that they are supposed to address. Even the most “powerful” institutions such as the Security Council, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) often lack either appropriate resources or authority or both. Although states establish institutions and pay the bills (sometimes), networks of experts pushed by activists in civil society usually explain the impetus behind their emergence. Consensus among experts has been central to restructuring the UN system and to the creation of new institutions to meet newly recognized needs. However, the source of ideas about filling institutional gaps is still more likely to be governments and IGOs than nonstate actors. The absence of international political will means that many of these organizations are only partially constructed or remain largely on drawing boards with only a small prototype to address gargantuan threats. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Knowledge gaps (that is, about the nature of the problem or the extent and intensity of a global challenge), Normative gaps (the rules guiding appropriate responses are contested), Policy gaps (in terms of who should respond and how), Institutional gaps (insufficient clarity about lead actors or a mismatch between policy and the capacity to act), and Compliance gaps particularly relating to reactions to noncompliance The fifth and final is the “compliance gap,” which has three facets: implementation, monitoring, and enforcement. Fragile actors may be unwilling or unable to implement agreed elements of international policy. Even if an institution exists, or a treaty is in effect, or many elements of a working regime are in place, there is often a lack of political will to rely upon or even provide resources for the previously established institutions or processes. Second, who has the authority, responsibility, and capacity to monitor that commitments made and obligations accepted are being implemented and honored? Third, confronted with clear evidence of non-compliance by one or more members amidst them, the collective group may lack the strength of conviction or commonality of interests to enforce the community norm. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps Nearly seven decades of UN history tell the story of the never-ending search for better compliance mechanisms within the constraints of no overriding central authority. With the exception of the Security Council, UN bodies can only make “recommendations.” Hence, monitoring and then publicizing information about non-compliance mixed with the use of the bully pulpit has been a central dynamic in efforts to secure compliance. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps The Compliance gap often appears as a complete void because no ways exist to enforce decisions, certainly not to compel them. Depending on a country’s relative power, this generalization may vary because influential organizations (especially the WTO, IMF, and World Bank) can make offers to developing countries that they dare not refuse. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps International peace and security. Even though the UN Charter calls for them Absence of standing UN military forces The UN has to reportedly beg and borrow troops, which are always on loan Absence of functioning Military Staff Committee. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps Human Rights. Absence of enforcement capability. Ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court are institutional steps that have led to some indictments and convictions Security Council involvement sometimes Ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court are institutional steps that have led to some indictments and convictions, while assiduous efforts to monitor and publicize mass atrocities have, on occasion at least, secured an enforcement response from the Security Council in the form of collective sanctions, international judicial pursuit, and even military force. – Crotia? 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps International Trade and Finance. International trade disputes are still largely regulated bilaterally. Monitoring by the Second and the Third UNs has led to changes in policy and implementation by some governments and corporations—that is, voluntary compliance by good citizens 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps Environment and Sustainability. 1997 Kyoto Protocol??? Back-tracking, however, began almost before the ink was dry on the signatures 2000’s And finally, in the area of environment and sustainability, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol created binding emission targets for developed countries, a system whereby developed countries could obtain credit toward their emission targets by financing energy-efficient projects and clean development mechanisms in less-developed countries, and emissions trading (trading the “right to pollute”). Back-tracking, however, began almost before the ink was dry on the signatures. As the world hurtles toward an irreversible tipping point on climate change, there is no way to ensure that even the largely inadequate agreements on the books are respected. UN Green Fund formerly known as the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund set up 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps 2012 Environment and Sustainability. Carbon taxes were devised / Galieo movement in Australia are strong opponents as they believe It cannot make any difference because carbon dioxide levels are a consequence of temperature, not a cause. The carbon dioxide tax is deliberately open-ended. Why would you do it? CARICOM has objected re Hawaii and Caricom Current UN Conference on Climate Change going on in Doha, Qatar. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps The creation of the United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) is a response to the rapidly expanding environmental / sustainability markets that include a large number of private sector players which are establishing new and diverse standards. The creation of the United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) is a response to the rapidly expanding environmental/sustainability markets that include a large number of private sector players which are establishing new and diverse standards. With health, social and environmental impacts of production and consumption playing an increasingly important role in shaping consumer preferences, not only in developed but also in emerging markets, a neutral, independent and credible Forum is increasingly needed to provide information on these issues and work towards addressing their sustainable development impacts and harnessing them for supporting pro-poor sustainable development objectives and facilitating access to global markets in developing countries. Against this backdrop, although legally non-binding, voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) can or in some areas already have become a de facto market entry hurdle. In this dynamic a new perspective is required, i.e. one that regards VSS as a means to sustainable development, not as ends in themselves. VSS must be contextualized in the macro-economic development perspective. In addition, there is an inherent and increasing need for more coherence and coordinated dialogue among standard programs, criteria and processes. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps The UNFSS - VSS is a strategic policy issue, linked to the internalization of environmental and social costs, as well as the promotion of developing countries’ competitiveness in and access to growing “sustainability” markets. . 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps First Forum which systematically conducts analytical, empirical and capacity-building activities in this field and deals with generic and strategic problems of VSS in a consistent way, without endorsing or legitimizing any specific VSS. . 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Compliance gaps Addressing the sustainable development value of VSS by pooling resources; synchronizing efforts; and assuring policy coherence, coordination and collaboration among UN agencies, implementing the UN concept of “Acting as One”. . 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

What Needs To Be Done? GG literature tends to emphasize the involvement and contributions of multiple actors in constructing and sustaining systems of order. Few realize that GG is also significantly about integrating and reconciling the diverse interests and needs of multiple agents with regard to perceptions of problems of global scope GG may thus be defined as the construction of systems of order with regard to claims of justice vis-à- vis problems of global scope and concern 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

What Needs To Be Done? (cont’d)
This view goes beyond the idea that order and justice are necessarily opposing forces in world politics, and posits that Global Governance is significantly the ongoing process of their reconciliation. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The process of organizing, constructing, and refining a normative structure that guides the conduct of world politics. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Source: http://www.goldmercury.org/global_governance_model.php
Gold Mercury International Gold Mercury International is an independent think tank and international non-governmental organisation (INGO) based in London. Since 1961, Gold Mercury has been at the forefront of history in promoting peace, international relations, cooperation, pioneering ethical Global Governance and Visionary Leadership To monitor interdependence among global issues, our Global Governance Model™ organises the planet into 8 Global Governance areas. The 8 areas are arrayed around the central concept of Synergy Design: The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. With this model, we believe that we can better frame the key issues and trends in each global area and identify the new sustainable paradigms and solutions that will emerge from the greater synergy of all the parts. The Global Governance Model™ is a first practical step towards creating a global agenda and worldview that will generate greater consciousness and collaboration. Globalisation requires new models to understand and frame governance and interdependence. The Global Governance Model™ is a tool for multi-stakeholder collaboration, cooperation and dialogue to achieve a more sustainable planet. Source: 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Source: http://www.goldmercury.org/global_governance_model.php
It includes a co-operative governance framework to establish universal common parameters for Global Governance. The framework focuses on the interplay between governance and sustainability and aims to deliver awareness about our role in the world as global citizens through a transformation of conscience that allows sustainability to become a reality. In terms of Global Governance, the framework establishes that dealing with global public goods and global civil society means unavoidably sustainable human development. Source: 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

What Needs To Be Done? More research needs to be done into
How do we close the INSTITUTIONAL GAP? Are we investing limited resources the correct areas? Are we getting value for our investments? How do we close that COMPLIANCE GAP? What level of interaction can be achieved by the Third UN. Does the UN Charter need revising? Can the level of governance be enhanced to allow the true GLOBAL GOVERNANCE that is preached? The story of global governance remains an unfinished journey because we are struggling to find our way and are nowhere near finding a satisfactory destination. It is messy, untidy, and incoherent, with many different actors and the separate parts often moving at different paces and in different directions. Global governance is what the French would call a “faute de mieux,” a kind of replacement or surrogate for authority and enforcement for the contemporary world. Try as we might, the sum of many governance instruments, inadequately resourced and insufficiently empowered to enforce collective policies as they are, cannot replace the functions of a global government. The essential challenge in contemporary global problem-solving remains a world without central authority for making policy choices and mobilizing the required resources to implement them; and consequently, only second- or even third-best solutions are feasible at present. Generating ideas about how to attenuate all five kinds of gaps is an essential task of the United Nations at the dawn of the new millennium. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

What Needs To Be Done? (cont’d)
Democratic Governance Practice Network (DGP- Net) run by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) serves to strengthen the global governance community and enhance local, regional and global knowledge sharing strategies, through functions such as knowledge management, advocacy, partnership building, and professional development. 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Sources Cox, “Structural issues of Global Governance: issue for Europe’, in Cox with Timothy Sinclair, Approaches to world order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Davis, Kingsbury & Merry, “Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance” available at Dingwerth & Pattberg, “Global Governance as a Perspective on World Politics,” Global Governance, 12 (Apr-June 2006); Howse & Teitel, “Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Really Matters,” Global Policy, 1 (May 2010). Jentleson, “Global Governance in a Copernican World,” Global Governance, 18 (Apr-June 2012); Kaufman, “Aid Effectiveness and Governance: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly,” available at Qu, “The UN Charter, the Responsibility to Protect, and the Syria Issue,” available at Weiss & Thakur, “Global Governance and the UN: An Unfinished Journey”, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2010), 448 pp., Weishaar, et al, “Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” Plos Medicine, 9 (June 2012), available at 28/11/2012 ©TBC Global Governance- Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

Global Governance: Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

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Global Governance: Poorly Done and Poorly Understood

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