1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF FUNGI
DOÇ.DR.HRİSİ BAHAR

2. Fungi

3. The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes
(live on dead organisms)

4. The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic
material or their host
Store food energy as
glycogen
BREAD MOLD

5. The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR YEAST

6. The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae

7. The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
EDIBLE
POISONOUS

8. The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
Spores come in various shapes

9. The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi

10. The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
Penicillium mold
Puffball

11. Vegetative Structures
NON-REPRODUCTIVE

12. Hyphae Tubular shape ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin

13. Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
STOLON
RHIZOIDS

14. Hyphae Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)

15. Hyphal growth Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding part of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi

16. ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPH
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Nucleus “directs” the digestive process
Enzymatic breakdown
Most enzyme release (and absorption) at tips
Proteins and other materials synthesized by the entire mycelium are channeled by cytoplasmic streaming to the tips of the extending hyphae.
Enzymes
Digested material is then used by the hyphae

17. Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
NO CROSS WALLS
CROSS WALLS

18. ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
Reproductive Culture
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

19. REPRODUCTION Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients are scarce

20. Spores Spores are an adaptation to life on land
Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations
Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism
Nonmotile
Dispersed by wind

21. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Used when environmental conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)
No male or female fungi
Some fungi show dimorphism
May grow as MYCELIA or a YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at 25oC & Round at 37oC)
Dimorphic Fungi

22. - + SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)
Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE
The zygote divides to make a SPORE - +
SPORE FORMS

23. Three types of Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own
Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size
Used by yeasts
Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium

24. Reproduce by spores Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae
Inside sporangia
On Fruiting bodies
Penicillium hyphae
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
The output of spores from one reproductive structure is enormous, with the number reaching into the trillions.
Dispersed widely by wind or water, spores germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food.
Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body

25. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fruiting Bodies are modified as hyphae that make asexual spores
An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium

26. Types of Fruiting Bodies: Basidia Sporangia Ascus
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Types of Fruiting Bodies:
Basidia
Sporangia
Ascus
Sporangia
Basidia

27. Parasitic Fungi Cause Disease Directly Cause Disease Indirectly
Parasitic Fungi Actual fungal growth in organism
Cause Disease Indirectly
Allergic reactions
Toxin ingestion
Exhibit Dimorphism
Mould form (mycelial, filamentous)
Yeast form (or spherule form)
Change due to temperature, nutrients, CO2 levels

28. Major Fila of Fungi
Chytridiomycota— sexual and asexual spores motile, with posterior flagella
Zygomycota— sexual spores are thick walled resting spores called zygospores
Ascomycota—spores borne internally in a sac called an ascus
Basidiomycota—spores borne externally on a club-shaped structure called a basidium
“deuteromycetes” or Fungi Imperfecti, have no known sexual state in their life cycle.

30. MYCOSES Mycose:Disease caused by a fungus Superficial Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Opportunistic

31. Superficial fungal infection
Skin infection
Limited to stratum corneum
Do not penetrate deeper tissues
No inflammation
Superficial mycoses
*Black piedra
*White piedra
*Pityriasis versicolor
*Tinea nigra
Black piedra
White piedra

32. Cutaneous mycoses Dermatophytoses
Clinical condition caused by fungal infection of the skin in humans
Dermatomycoses
Skin disease caused
by a fungus

33. Caused by trauma and introduction of the fungus and bacteria
Subcutaneous mycoses
Caused by trauma and introduction of the fungus and bacteria
Chromoblastomycosis
Phaeohyphomicosis
Mycetoma
Sporothricosis
Mycetoma

34. Systemic mycosis Histoplasmosis Coccidiomycosis Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis

35. Opportunistic mycoses
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis
Pycomycosis
candidiasis