2. A / AS Psychology.. Key Studies Developmental Psychology Key study Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)

3. Bandura, Ross & Ross The Bobo Doll Study

5. The Question The nature - nurture debate Do children learn behaviour from the behaviour they see around them?

6. Specifically……. Can aggressive behaviour be learned by observation? NB: This was the study that triggered the TV violence debate

7. Before we begin……. 1List two behaviours you think might be learned by watching others 2List two behaviours you think could not be learned in this way

8. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The participants 72 children (Stanford University nursery school) 36 boys & 36 girls age range 37 months - 69 months Mean age 52 months

9. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study TWO adult ‘role models’ one male and one female and a female experimenter

10. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Method - an experiment there were three conditions 24 children in each condition

11. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The THREE CONDITIONS Non aggressive condition Aggressive condition Control condition

13. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Non aggressive condition and Aggressive condition There were male and female role models 12 children in each

14. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Thus 6 boys saw aggressive male 6 boys saw non-aggressive male 6 boys saw aggressive female 6 boys saw non-aggressive female

15. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Thus 6 girls saw aggressive female 6 girls saw non-aggressive female 6 girls saw aggressive male 6 girls saw non-aggressive male

16. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Level 1 Independent Variable (IV) aggressive or non-aggressive role model Level 2 Independent variable (IV) Same sex or opposite sex role model

17. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Write a TESTABLE two-tailed hypothesis for the study Write a TESTABLE one-tailed hypothesis for the study

18. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study In order to ensure that each group contained equally aggressive children they were all rated for aggression before the experiment rated on - physical aggression, verbal aggression aggression to inanimate objects aggression inhibition (self control)

19. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study What happened then? Children taken one at a time Phase one of the experiment Modelling the behaviour phase

22. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study What happened then? Phase two of the experiment The AROUSAL phase This was necessary to provoke the children

23. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study What happened then? Phase three of the experiment The OBSERVATION phase

24. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study What was observed? The criteria Imitative aggression Non-imitative aggression physical & verbal

26. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The results IMITATION - the children in the aggressive condition imitated many of the modelled physical and verbal aggressive behaviours they also imitated non-aggressive behaviours

27. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The results IMITATION - the children in the NON- aggressive condition imitated very few of the modelled behaviour 70% had zero scores

28. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The results NON-IMITATION the children in the aggressive condition displayed MUCH more non-imitative (non-copied) aggressive behaviour

29. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The results NON-AGGRESSIVE CONDITION the children in the non-aggressive condition spent more time playing with the toys (dolls etc) also more time doing nothing

30. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study GENDER RESULTS Boys imitated more physical aggression (but not verbal)

31. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study GENDER RESULTS Boys more aggressive after watching MALE aggressive model Girls more aggressive after watching FEMALE aggressive model

33. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The conclusion Learning can take place by observation no classical or operant conditioning Children more likely to learn from same sex models

34. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The conclusion Bandura suggested Freud’s theory of identification may be used to explain how learning took place Which of Freud’s stages might these children have been in?

35. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Thinking about BPS guidelines WAS THIS STUDY ETHICAL? What are the issues? If not ethical WHY not?

36. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Thinking about methodology Does this study have ecological validity? If not ecologically valid - why not?

37. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study Thinking about the participants To whom can we generalise the findings?

38. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The debate as regards children learning aggressive behaviour from watching violence on TV How might watching TV differ from the experience of the children in the Bandura experiment?

39. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study There were four predictions (hypotheses) in this MATCHED SUBJECTS experiment What were they?

40. Bandura Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study The end