1. Cognitive Learning Theory - Tolman Observational Learning - Bandura
Chapter 7 Notes Part III
Cognitive Learning Theory - Tolman
Observational Learning - Bandura

2. Updating Skinner’s Understanding What did he miss?
I. Skinner’s emphasis on external control of behavior made him an influential, but controversial figure. Many psychologists criticized Skinner for underestimating the importance of cognitive and biological constraints.
A. We learn to expect things from our environment. Our environment doesn’t control us.
B. Learning is an internal (cognitive) AND an external (environmental) process.

3. Cognitive Maps Cognitive Maps (E.C. Tolman) A mental representation
of the layout of one’s environment
Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
The “hover” test
Stumble through your house at night in the dark
Know which roads to follow to get to your friend’s house

4. Cognitive Approach
This approach emphasizes abstract and subtle learning that could not be achieved through conditioning or social learning alone.
Some learning is not intentional, but occurs almost accidentally—a situation called latent learning. Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Expectancies are beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward. Expectancies affect learning.

5. Latent Learning

6. Observational Learning
Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)
learning by observing and imitating others
Modeling
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
ChildrenSee.wmv
Social Learning
Socio-Cognitive Learning
Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
opposite of antisocial behavior

7. This series of photographs shows children observing and modeling aggressive behavior.
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

8. Observational Learning
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy
Yawning
Modeling
Autism

9. DiscPsy p.195

10. Famous last words??? Do what I say, not what I do—
This will teach you to hit your brother—
Why do you do that, you know you get in trouble for it—
MSOffice Clip art

11. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
If you are intrinsically motivated to do something, then an extrinsic reward will actually DECREASE both learning AND motivation.
Nunzi
Preschool Art effect

12. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

13. Applications of Operant Conditioning
School
Work
Home