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Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?.

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Presentation on theme: "Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?."— Presentation transcript:

1 Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?

2 Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Relatively Permanent: Learning must have staying power. Real learning is not temporary. Change in organisms behavior: We know learning has occurred when behavior has changed. Due to experience: Learning results from experience, either directly or indirectly.

3 Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

4 Classical Conditioning:
What is Classical Conditioning and How did Pavlov’s work influence Behaviorism? Read pages Classical Conditioning: a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. IVAN PAVLOV

5 Parts of Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments Parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response. Unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

6 Pavlov’s Experiments Conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

7 Pavlov’s Experiments The office Conditioning Pavlov Video

8 Pavlov’s Experiments Acquisition, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
The stronger the CS and US, the faster the Acquisitions. If CS is alone, then the CR becomes extinct but can be spontaneously recovered.

9 Pavlov’s Experiments Generalization: the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. Discrimination: in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus “ I don’t care if she’s a tape dispenser. I love her!

10 Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Cognitive Processes Learned helplessness Biological Predispositions Conditioned taste aversion

11 Pavlov’s Legacy Read pages : 226-227
Classical conditioning applies to other organisms Showed how to study a topic scientifically Greatly Influenced the school of Behaviorism and John Watson’s “Baby Albert” experiment Little Albert Experiment

12 Operant Conditioning What is Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning What is Operant Conditioning? And how does it differ from Classical Conditioning? HANDOUT 6-4

13 Operant Conditioning What is Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning What is Operant Conditioning? And how does it differ from Classical Conditioning? * Classical Conditioning forms associations between stimuli and involves Respondent Behavior, or actions that are automatic responses to stimuli. No control over either the stimuli or the response. Operant Conditioning, organisms associate their OWN actions with CONSEQUENCES. Behavior OPERATES on the environment to PRODUCE rewarding or punishing stimuli is called OPERANT BEHAVIOR. We can distinguish between the two by asking: “ Is the organism learning associations between events it does not control, or is it learning association between its behavior and resulting events. “

14 B.F. Skinner’s Experiments
Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect – Rewarded behavior is likely to recur. B.F. Skinner – Modern Behaviorisms most influential psychologist. Developed Behavioral technology Developed Methods of Behavior control

15 B.F. Skinner’s Experiments Read page 229
Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) Skinner used SHAPING: a procedure in which reinforcers, such as food, gradually guide an animals actions towards a desired behavior.

16 Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement (is NOT PUNISHMENT) Is this Positive or Negative Reinforcement? Write 3 more examples for each type of reinforcement, HANDOUT 6-6

17 Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers Operant Conditioning Video
Primary reinforcer – unlearned, innately satisfying, ex - food Conditioned reinforcer Secondary reinforcer – get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers, ex – money to buy food. Immediate vs delayed reinforcers

18 Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement – reinforce every time. Partial (intermittent) reinforcement – reinforce on a schedule Schedules Fixed-ratio schedule – Set Number of responses Variable-ratio schedule – Unpredictable number of responses Fixed-interval schedule – Fixed TIME period Variable-interval schedule - Varying TIME period

19 Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules

20 Skinner’s Experiments Punishment – complete handout 6-5

21 Skinner’s Experiments Punishment
Negatives of using punishment Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can teach fear Physical punishment may increase aggression HANDOUT 6-7

22 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Use Compare and Contrast Chart
Similarities between classical and operant conditioning Differences between classical and operant conditioning

23 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

24 Introduction Read pages 242-244
Observational learning Social learning - Modeling

25 Mirrors in the Brain Mirror neurons Theory of mind

26 Bandura’s Experiments
Bobo Doll Video

27 For next Class Complete Review Questions 1, 2, 3 Print Unit 7 Power Point

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