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Nursing as Art and Science

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1 Nursing as Art and Science
Introduction to Nursing Profession (NURS 210)

2 Learning Outcomes Students after this lecture will be able to:
Discus the development of nursing art and science Explain the Scientific Revolution Understand the French Enlightenment Project Discuss art and science in a modern nursing Describe the art of Florence Nightingale school of thought Identify the idea of nursing art and science today

3 Development of Nursing Art and Science
Scientific Revolution In 17th the and 18th centaury (Age of Reason) was generated The philosophical movement known as French Enlightenment It was search to understand, control, and manipulate nature through rational, empirical means Revaluation changes in physics and astronomy

4 French Enlightenment The science of 17th century was based on a new method of inquiry It involved mathematical deception of nature and the analytic method of reasoning The Enlightenment project aimed of civilizing all, of implementing its ideal of social betterment through the power of reason It based on beliefs in the universal superiority of the knowledge and values (Watson science and culture)

5 French Enlightenment Cont.
Two way of thinking in art Once concerning the cultural production of knowledge The art of living (for men to be pursuit of freedom through rational as “doers” or “thinkers” Separation of art and science occurred in the educational structure that emerged in the Enlightenment with rise of modern profession Knowledge has two dimensions of art and science within universities and faculties Both art and science worked completely independently Search for human perfectibility was major issue which linked to a philosophy of humanism The human subject was deemed to be male

6 Art and Science in a Modern Nursing
The nature of modern art and science has evolved through influenced by Florence Nightingale ideas which rely on the Florence Nightingale school of thought

7 Florence Nightingale School of Thought
It was developed and sustained within the nurse training schools The program was in the hospitals- Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States (US), and other countries Nursing education and practice counts nursing as an art by involving the feminine virtues as the nursing is a female profession/occupation, so science is out of place Scientific initiative was a male, in the hospital and medical context was belong the doctor

8 Florence Nightingale School of Thought Cont.
The contrast of Nightingale work in Carmen war and public was known as “Ministering Angel” Nursing known as a female vocation based on Enlightenment ideal of the womanly virtues and Exercise of womanly arts through the care of the sick Nightingale descried nursing as the “Finest of the Fine Art” Nightingale training program started at St. Thomas Hospital, London, 1860

9 Florence Nightingale School of Thought Cont.
Nightingale Training Program It was a model for many training school in Britain and overseas Student nurses argued that: qualities of trustworthiness, neatness, quaintness, sobriety, honesty, and truthfulness Nurse students through training assured that they didn’t wish to take any the doctor’s functions Isabella Rathie was first trained Matron of the Melbourne Hospital, noted that “we are in a great measure the handmaid of the medical man and our function in this particular in this detail”

10 Florence Nightingale School of Thought Cont.
Division of art and science within modern secular professional nursing of the Nightingale school of thought described as a gendered division Nursing as feminine art was developed through character training which resulted of nonassertiveness, obedience, and compliance Nursing arts: bathing, bed-making, positioning patients, and comforting techniques Nursing science: nursing courses

11 Florence Nightingale School of Thought Cont.
Nursing education was a task of orientation and the modeling of a set of appropriate attitudes with hospital training schools to produce nurses who exemplifies the feminine ideal Science is a rational and objective world of men, in medicine man is one domain Men subjects (minds) Women objects (bodies) Hospital-Education nurse training changed occurred, including considerable strengthening of the science context Limitations appeared related to the genderation of nursing as a feminine art that prevent nurses to act as independent subjects

12 Art and Science in Nursing Today
In 1919, four –year entry-to-program established in the university to ensure the development of knowledge in a systematic and orderly way In 1950, training nurse scientists program developed in multiple universities that increased the interest of theoretical and scientific bases of practice In 1950s – 1980s, theories of nursing included in the concept of nursing to understand biological, behavioral, social, and cultural factors in health and illness

13 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as an Art Nightingale school idea was the nature of nursing art as an expression of the essential goodness of feminine virtues persist in cotemporary nursing practice Nursing was called the conscience of the health care system Nurses are major keepers of Mortality, goodness, honesty, and ethics of client care Health care provision believed that nurses exemplify feminine ideal and have wide community support

14 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as an Art Munhall (1982) reported that Nursing identified as a humanistic dripline, adhering to a basic philosophy focused on individually and belief that the actions of men are in some sense free University-based nursing education in US moved away from Nightingale school to set out philosophy of the discipline to provide the basis for artistic practice Nursing education aimed to produce practitioners with both scientific in orientation and humanistic in practice

15 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as an Art Munhall (1982) reported that Educational preparation, aims and scope of science and art differ significantly and transfer both to the realistic of practice is a complex process Holden (1991) argues that Caring role in nursing pushes nursing into the domain of the arts Nursing that embraces high technology is pushed into the domain of science Jennings (1986) & Peplau (1988) suggests that Art and science come together in practice

16 Art and Science in Nursing Today
Nursing as a Science Major task for nursing was to establish its own scientific base and separate from medicine Scientific basis for medical knowledge was biological system To simplistic and mechanism of systems Scientific base for nursing knowledge was behavioral system To conceptualized in much boarder and more encompassing Nursing as a behavioral subsystem of the person developed by Roy (1980) Nursing as a holistic science was developed by Rogers (1970) Nursing as a humanistic science with caring developed by Watson

17 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as A Science Behavioral science, holistic science, and caring science were the conceptual models for nursing practice and the basis for nursing science Nursing theories were engaged to developed nursing science knowledge that linked to practice In 1973, the First National Conference support the Classification of Nursing Diagnosis, Missouri Nursing diagnosis sought to identify and classify the phenomena of nursing

18 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as a Science The development of nursing science has two broad approaches: Defining the domain of nursing theoretically and then testing proposition empirically Developing ways to identify the phenomena of nursing and classify them Both approaches were consist with prevailing philosophies of science

19 Art and Science in Nursing Today Cont.
Nursing as a Science and an Art Nursing as a contemporary secular profession has developed out of idea about the essential nature of women Nursing as a science and an art was challenged the shift of nursing education into universities in the US to be nursing as a science and an art Health care sectors and clinical area response to this rapidly transforming for Quantifiable, indicators of cost-effectiveness, and quality outcomes Collaboration between nursing and other disciplines contributing the development, evaluation of standardized pathways, and developing evidence-based practice

20 Thank you


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