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ARM Embedded Systems
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Agenda RISC Design Philosophy ARM Design Philosophy
Embedded System Hardware Embedded System Software
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RISC Design Philosophy
Instructions A fixed size: 32-bit Executes in a single cycle Pipelines Registers A large general-purpose register set Load-store architecture
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ARM Design Philosophy Variable cycle execution for some instructions
LDM/STM, SWP Inline barrel shifter leading to more complex instructions Thumb 16-bit instruction set Conditional execution Enhanced DSP instructions
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Embedded System Hardware
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ARM Processor Controls the embedded device
ARM Core + (MMU/MPU) + (Caches)
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Controllers Memory Controller Interrupt Controller
Standard Interrupt Controller Vector Interrupt Controller (VIC)
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Peripherals Provide all the input-output capability external to the chip Memory mapped the programming interface is a set of memory-addressed registers Examples Serial communication devices wireless device Real-Time Clock
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Bus Communicates between different parts of the device
AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) ASB ( ARM System Bus) APB (ARM Peripheral Bus) AHB (ARM High Performance Bus) Multi-layer AHB AHB-lite
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ARM Embedded Software Initialization Code (Boot Code) Device Drivers
Operating System Application
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Initialization Code Configures the hardware to known state
Configures the memory controller and processor caches initializes some devices Phases Initial Hardware Configuration Diagnostics Booting
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Device Driver provides a standard interface to peripherals
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Operating System Provides a common programming environment for the use of hardware resources and infrastructure ARM processors support over 50 operating systems. 2 main categories Real-time Operating System (RTOS) Platform Operating System
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Real-Time Operating Systems
Provide guaranteed response times to events Hard real-time application Requires a guaranteed response to work Soft real-time application Requires a good response time Ex) VxWorks, pSOS, ThreadX, NucleausOS
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Platform Operating Systems
Requires a MMU to manage large, non real-time applications Ex) Linux, WinCE
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Device Driver provides a standard interface to peripherals
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Applications < Networking Application > Home gateways
DSL modems for high-speed Internet communication wireless communication < Mass Storage devices > Hard drives Imaging products such as inkjet printers
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