1. The Application of Multipole Expansions to Unsteady Combustion Problems* T. Lieuwen and B.T. Zinn Schools of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA *Research Supported by AGTSR and AFOSR; Dr. Dan Fant and Dr. Mitat Birkan, Contract Monitors

2. Background Behavior of unsteady combustion systems controlled by complex interactions that occur between the combustion process and acoustic waves –Combustion instabilities –Pulse Combustors –Combustion Noise Predicting or controlling the behavior of these systems requires capabilities for understanding and modeling these interactions

3. Approximate Models of Unsteady Combustion Systems Approximate techniques to analyze acoustics of combustion chambers are well developed –e.g., Galerkin based techniques –Unified approaches allow consistent treatment of nonlinearities, mean flow effects, etc. Approximate techniques to analyze combustion process are not well developed –primarily ad-hoc approaches

4. Modeling Approaches Wave Equation with distributed heat source L Combustion Region Interfaces q 1 ’…..qn’qn’

5. Modeling Approaches “Concentrated Combustion” Approximation Plane Acoustic Disturbances p’ 2 (t)-p’ 1 (t)=0 v’ 2 (t)-v’ 1 (t)=  Q’(t) 12

6. Modeling Approaches “Concentrated Combustion” Approximation –Peracchio, A.A., Proscia, W.M., ASME paper # 98-GT-269 (1998). –Lieuwen, T., Zinn B.T., AIAA Paper # 98-0641 (1998). –Dowling, A.P., J. Fluid Mech, 346:271-290 (1997). –Fleifil, M. et al., Comb. and Flame, 106:487:510 (1996) –Culick, F., Burnley, V., Swenson, G., J. Prop. Power, (1995) –Many others Combustion Process treated as a single lumped parameter

7. How accurate is the Concentrated Combustion Approximation? 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 00.020.040.060.080.10.120.140.16 L/ Error (%) L “Exact” Rate of Energy addition Approximate Rate of Energy addition “Exact” Rate of Energy addition Error=

8. Concentrated Combustion Approximation Source of error - in general, information needed to describe combustion process - acoustic coupling is not contained in one lumped quantity, Q’

9. Can Approach be Generalized to Reduce the Error? Distributed Heat Release (i.e., infinite parameter model) Single Lumped Parameter Model Multiple Lumped Parameter Model Increasing Model Complexity

10. Multipole Expansions Classical Acoustics - Sound Radiation often described in terms of “fundamental sources” –“Monopole” –“Dipole”

11. Multipole Expansions Farfield radiation from an arbitrary compact body can be decomposed into the radiation from these fundamental sources Can decompose sound field of this body: p’(farfield) = monopole component + (L/ )* dipole component + higher order poles L

12. Multipole Expansions Application to Ducted Problems: – Develop expression of form: p’ 2 -p’ 1 =(L/ )Q’ 1 +(L/ ) 2 Q’ 2 +... v’ 2 -v’ 1 =Q’+(L/ )Q’ 1 +(L/ ) 2 Q’ 2 +...

13. Multipole Expansions Result to O(L/ ): p’ 2 -p’ 1 =   (L/ )Q’ 1 v’ 2 -v’ 1 =  Q’ Can generalize to arbitrary order in L/

14. Example Equations describing plane waves: Boundary Conditions: –x=0:p’=p o e -i  t –x=L comb : p’ =0 Heat Release distribution: q’=sin(  x/L)e -i  t Plane Acoustic Disturbances L Combustion Region Interfaces

15. Result - L/ =0.02 O(L/ ) O(L/ ) 2

16. Result - L/ =0.08 O(L/ ) O(L/ ) 2

17. Predicted Combustion Driving O(L/ ) O(L/ ) 2 O(1) “Exact” Rate of Energy addition Approximate Rate of Energy addition “Exact” Rate of Energy addition Error=

18. Summary and Conclusions Developed method that improves current capabilities for modeling combustion - acoustic interactions Method generalizes “Concentrated Combustion” approximation –Describe combustion process as a series of lumped elements

19. Supporting Slides

20. Multipole Expansions where: Monopole termDipole termHigher order poles

21. Multipole Expansions Lumped Heat Source Model (i.e., concentrated combustion) Example of two parameter Heat Source Model Q’(t) Q a ’(t) Q b ’(t)

22. Illustration of Method Energy Equation: Integrate Energy Equation over combustion region volume: Obtain: v’ 2 -v’ 1 =Q’+O(L/ )

23. Illustration of Method Evaluating Volumetric Pressure term: –Take moment of momentum equation, integrate over combustor volume, and integrate by parts Obtain more accurate energy balance: v’ 2 -v’ 1 -  (L/ )  (p’ 2 -p’ 1 ) =Q’+O(L/ ) 2

24. Illustration of Method In same way, improved momentum balance: p’ 2 -p’ 1 -   (L/ )  (v’ 2 -v’ 1 ) = (L/ )  Q’ 1 +O(L/ ) 2 where