1. Cerebral Cortex -The largest division of the brain
Cerebral Cortex -The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes.
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral
Cortex
Cerebellum

2. Lobes of the Brain (4) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

3. Cerebral Cortex (lobes)
Divided into 4 lobes:
Frontal: motor function, motivation, aggression, smell and mood
Parietal: reception and evaluation of sensory info.
Temporal: smell, hearing, memory and abstract thought
Occipital: visual processing

4. Specific Sulci/Fissures:
Central Sulcus
Longitudinal Fissure
Sylvian/Lateral Fissure
Transverse Fissure

5. Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.
Cerebral Features:
Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.
Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri
Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe
Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain

6. Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions
Prefrontal Cortex – Cortical region involved in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior.
Premotor Cortex – Contributes to motor functions
Primary Motor Cortex – Cortical site involved with controlling movements of the body.
Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe.
Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and form words.

7. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull.
It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision Making/Reasoning
- Personality
Modified from:

8. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex:
It plays a major role in the following functions/actions:
- Senses and integrates sensation(s)
Spatial awareness and perception
(Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other)
Modified from:

9. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
Primary Auditory Cortex
Play an integral role in the following functions:
Hearing
Organization/Comprehension of language
Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation)
Modified from:

10. Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions
Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.
- Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.

11. Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernike’s Area
Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep)
Conducted from Olfactory Bulb
Regions
Modified from:

12. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.
Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc.
Modified from:

13. Visual Association Area
Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Association Area
Regions
Modified from:

14. The strange case of Phineous Gage

15. Phineous Gage Railroad foreman Well-respected, hard-working
1848: tamping iron accident
He never lost consciousness, and had no obvious neurological symptoms
But he was “no longer Gage”

16. Phineas Gage
“the powder exploded, carrying an iron instrument through his head an inch and a fourth in circumference, and three feet and eight inches in length, which he was using at the time. The iron entered on the side of his face, shattering the upper jaw, and passing back of the left eye, and out at the top of the head.
The most singular circumstances connected with this melancholy affair is, that he was alive at two o’clock this afternoon, and in full possession of his reason, and free from pain.”
– from Free Soil Union, September 1948

17. Phineous Gage
Gage’s Doctor described Gage’s post-accident personality as:
“Fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the greatest profanity which was not previously his custom, manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint and advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operation, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned … a child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man.”

19. Brain Anatomy - Phineas Gage
Personality changed – Gage became crude, uncaring, impulsive, irrational, anti-social
Ventromedial region of the frontal lobes on both sides - causing a defect in rational decision making and the processing of emotion

20. “The equilibrium or balance between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to have been destroyed.” (Former R.R. Employer)

21. “He was no longer Gage…”
Several different angles of where the rod passed through his skull

22. Some symptoms associated with frontal lobe damage
Working memory deficits
Temporal memory / Source memory
Perseveration
Loss of spontaneous behavior
Apathy
Planning deficits/impaired goal-directed behavior
Disinhibition/impulsive behavior
Impaired attention
Depression
Elevated mood

23. Mood/Affect/Emotion Symptoms
Depression
Mood elevation
Apathy

24. Frontal Lobotomies
1935: chimps who were neurotic before surgery became more relaxed after it
1930s: Egaz Moniz begins frontal lobotomies in humans (and eventually wins Nobel Prize)
1950s: psychosurgery in vogue; 40,000 frontal lobotomies in North America
The story of Agnes (Kolb & Whishaw)
no outward signs of emotion
no facial expression
no feelings toward other people (but still liked her dog)
felt empty, zombie-like
Other patients lose prosody = emotional component of speech
orbitofrontal cortex
Patients with damage can remember info but don’t have emotions associated with it

25. Frontal Lobe Lobotomy: Early Critisicms Hoffman (1949)
"these patients are not only no longer distressed by their mental conflicts but also seem to have little capacity for any emotional experiences - pleasurable or otherwise. They are described by the nurses and the doctors, over and over, as dull, apathetic, listless, without drive or initiative, flat, lethargic, placid and unconcerned, childlike, docile, needing pushing, passive, lacking in spontaneity, without aim or purpose, preoccupied and dependent."

26. Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe Damage May have normal IQ on standard tests
Poor control: reasoning, planning & emotions
Disinhibition: poor control of emotions
Poor mental flexibility
Perseveration: e.g. trouble stopping action once initiated, e.g. dialing 999.
Frontal lobe modulates functions of other regions