1. Introduction to Teradata SQL

2. Introduction to Teradata SQL - I
Naming Convention of database Objects
Data Types
Teradata Vs ANSI
Teradata SQL Extension
Logical and Conditional Expression
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Functions
Arithmetic and Comparison Operation on NULL
LIKE operator
String function

3. INTRODUCTION SQL Commands :
SQL statements commonly are divided into three categories:
Data Definition Language (DDL) - Used to define and create database objects such as tables, views, macros, databases, and users.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) - Used to work with the data, including such tasks as inserting data rows into a table, updating an existing row, or performing queries on the data. The focal point of this course will be on SQL statements in this category.

4. 3. Data Control Language (DCL) - Used for administrative tasks such as granting and revoking privileges to database objects or controlling ownership of those objects.
DDL Examples:
SQL statement
Function
CREATE
Define a table, view, macro, index, trigger or stored procedure.
DROP
Remove a table, view, macro, index, trigger or stored procedure.
ALTER
Change table structure or protection definition.

5. DML Examples: DCL Examples: SQL statement Function SELECT
Select data from one or more tables.
INSERT
Place a new row into a table.
UPDATE
Change data values in one or more existing rows.
DELETE
Remove one or more rows from a table.
DCL Examples:
SQL statement
Function
GRANT
Give user privileges.
REVOKE
Remove user privileges.
GIVE
Transfer database ownership.

6. Naming Convention Database Objects
Teradata rules about how database objects can be named are summarized in the following table:
Names are composed of:
a-z
A-Z
0-9
_ (underscore) $ #
Names must start with:
_(underscore)
Names are limited to 30 characters.
NOTE: Teradata is not case-sensitive.

7. Naming Rules Naming Syntax
>Database names and User names must be unique within the Teradata RDBMS.
>Table, view, macro, trigger, index and stored procedure names must be unique within a Database or User .
>Column names must be unique within a Table.
>The syntax for fully qualifying a column name is: databasename.tablename.columnname Example: NAME (unqualified)
EMPLOYEE.NAME (partially qualified)
PAYROLL.EMPLOYEE.NAME (fully qualified)

8. Data Types Character Data CHAR - has fixed-length character strings.
Holds
Character data
Character Strings
Byte data
Binary Data Strings
Numeric data
Numbers
Date/Time data
Dates,Times,Timestamps,Time Intervals
Character Data
CHAR - has fixed-length character strings.
VARCHAR - has variable-length character strings.

9. Character Data
Description 
Example
CHAR (size)
Fixed length string  Max:  64,000 characters
last_name CHAR(20)   Sample contents: 'Ryan__________'
VARCHAR (size)  CHAR VARYING (size) 
CHARACTER VARYING (size)
Variable length string  Max:  64,000 characters
first_name VARCHAR(30) Sample contents:   'Loretta'
LONG VARCHAR
Equivalent to VARCHAR (64000)
NOTE:
VARCHAR (size), CHAR VARYING (size), and CHARACTER VARYING (size) are all equivalent synonyms.
LONG VARCHAR is equivalent to a maximum VARCHAR.

10. Byte Data Teradata supports two data types for holding binary data:
VARBYTE
BYTE is for fixed length binary strings.
VARBYTE is for variable length binary strings.
Note: BYTE columns are not convertible to other data types.
Byte Data
Description
BYTE (size)
Fixed length  Binary string Default: (1) Max:  64,000 bytes
VARBYTE (size)
Variable length  Binary string Default: (1) Max:  64,000 bytes

11. Numeric and Date Data
The following numeric data types are available: SMALLINT, INTEGER, DECIMAL ,FLOAT
Data Type
Description
Examples
SMALLINT
BYTEINT
Whole number Range: -32,768 to 32,767 Storage: 2 bytes
a signed binary integer
area_code SMALLINT   
range of -128 to +127
INTEGER
Whole number Range: -2,147,483,648 to  2,147,483,647,Storage: 4 bytes
phone INTEGER     
DEC(m, n)
'm' is total number of digits. 'n' is precision places to the right of decimal point. Max Size =18 digits Storage: 2 to 8 bytes
salary_amount DEC (10,2)   
FLOAT
Floating Point Format (IEEE) 2x to 2x Storage: 8 bytes
salary_factor FLOAT  E-001

12. DATE data type Data Type Description Examples DATE
Specially formatted integer: YYMMDD thru YYYMMDD from 2000 onward
hire_date DATE      
DATE is stored as an integer, using the following formula: (year ) * (month * 100) + day
The recommended display format for DATE values is ‘YYYY-MM-DD’
   formatted as ‘YY-MM-DD’ is , which is also the representation of 

13. Teradata versus ANSI Extensions
Modes of Operation
Teradata SQL allows two different modes of session operation:
ANSI mode
Teradata (BTET) mode
Choice of mode affects:
Transaction protocol behavior
Case sensitivity defaults
Collating sequences
Data conversions
Display functions
The same SQL statement might perform differently in each mode based on the above considerations.

14. Teradata SQL Extensions
Here is a list of Teradata extensions
ADD_MONTHS
BEGIN/ END TRANSACTION
COLLECT/ DROP STATISTICS
COMMENT ON
CONCATENATION
EXPLAIN
FALLBACK
FORMAT
HELP
INDEX
LOCKING
MACRO Facility  • CREATE  • REPLACE  • DROP  • EXECUTE
NULLIFZERO/ZEROIFNULL
NAMED
SUBSTR
SHOW
TRIM
TITLE
WITH
WITH BY

15. Logical and Conditional Expressions
Logical Operators
Types of Operators in Logical Expressions
= equal
<> not equal
>  greater than
< less than
>= greater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to
BETWEEN <a> AND <b> inclusive range
[NOT] IN <expression> is in a list 
or <expression> is not in a list
IS [NOT] NULL <expression> is null 
or  <expression> is not null
[NOT] EXISTS table contains at least 1 row 
or table contains no rows
LIKE partial string operator

16. BETWEEN -- Numeric Range Testing
Select the name and the employee's manager number for all employees whose job codes are in the range.
SELECT first_name
,last_name
,manager_employee_number
FROM employee
WHERE job_code BETWEEN AND ;

17. BETWEEN -- Character Range Testing
SELECT last_name
FROM employee
WHERE last_name BETWEEN 'r' AND 's';
last_name  Ryan

18. Set Operator IN SELECT first_name ,last_name ,department_number
FROM employee
WHERE department_number IN (401, 403);
first_name   last_name   department_number
Darlene Johnson
Loretta Ryan
Armando Villegas
James Trader

19. Set Operator NOT IN SELECT first_name ,last_name ,department_number
FROM employee
WHERE department_number NOT IN (401, 403) ;
first_name last_name department_number
Carol Kanieski
John Stein

20. Arithmetic Operators Operator Definition ** exponentiation * Multiply/
Divide
MOD
Modulos (remainders) +
Add -
Subtract

21. Arithmetic Functions Function Result ABS (arg) Absolute value
EXP (arg)
Raises e to the power of arg e ** arg
LOG (arg)
Base 10 logarithm
LN (arg)
Base e (natural) logarithm
SQRT (arg)
Square root
Arg is any constant or variable numeric argument.

22. Computed Values SELECT last_name ,first_name ,salary_amount/12
FROM employee
WHERE department_number = 401
ORDER BY last_name ;
last_name  first_name  salary_amount/12
Johnson Darlene
Trader James

23. SELECTing System Variables
SELECT can be used to query the system for current information, including current:
System DATE.
System TIME.
Logged-on USER.
Current default DATABASE.
Examples:
SELECT DATE;
Date
99/10/17
SELECT TIME;
Time
09:15:37
SELECT USER;
User
SQL01
SELECT DATABASE;
Database
CUSTOMER_SERVICE

24. Literal, Constant, and Calculator Features
Character Literals
You may add character literals to your SELECT statement:
SELECT 'Employee' ,last_name ,first_name FROM employee ;
Result
Employee   last_name    first_name Employee   Stein           John Employee   Kanieski     Carol Employee   Ryan           Loretta
Numeric Constants:
You may also add numeric constants to your SELECT statement:
SELECT 12345
,last_name
,first_name
FROM employee ;
 12345   last_name    first_name
12345   Stein           John
12345   Kanieski     Carol
12345   Ryan           Loretta

25. We can use numeric expressions to do calculations:
Calculator Mode:
We can use numeric expressions to do calculations:
SELECT 2*250; Simple multiplication
SELECT ; Uses greatest possible precision
SELECT 10/3.000; Rounds off
SELECT 10/6.000; Rounds up
MOD Operator
Example 7  ÷  4 = 1 remainder of 3 Therefore 7 MOD 4 = 3

26. Arithmetic and Comparison Operation on NULL
Col A Operation Col B  Result
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
* NULL NULL
/ NULL NULL
> NULL UNKNOWN
< NULL UNKNOWN
> = NULL UNKNOWN
< = NULL UNKNOWN
= NULL UNKNOWN
<> NULL UNKNOWN
NULL > NULL UNKNOWN
NULL < NULL UNKNOWN
NULL > = NULL UNKNOWN
NULL < = NULL UNKNOWN
NULL = NULL UNKNOWN
NULL < > NULL UNKNOWN

27. Using NULL in a Select
Use NULL in a SELECT statement, to define that a range of values either IS NULL or IS NOT NULL. 
To list employee numbers in this table with unknown extensions:
SELECT employee_number
FROM employee_phone
WHERE extension IS NULL;
employee_number
1025
1005

28. LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator searches for patterns matching character data strings.
Here are some examples using the LIKE operator:
String pattern example: Meaning:
LIKE 'JO%‘ begins with 'JO‘
LIKE '%JO%‘ contains 'JO' anywhere
LIKE '__HN‘ contains 'HN' in 3rd and 4th position
LIKE '%H_‘ contains 'H' in next to last position

29. LIKE Operator -- Partial String
CASESPECIFIC operator: 
SELECT first_name
,last_name
FROM employee
WHERE last_name (CASESPECIFIC) LIKE '%Ra%';
NOTE: In the default, the comparison is not case-specific. Use the Teradata extension (CASESPECIFIC) to force case-specific comparison. 

30. LIKE Operator -- Using Quantifiers
There are three such quantifiers:
ANY — any single condition must be met (OR logic)
SOME — same as ANY
ALL — all conditions must be met (AND logic)
ANY and SOME are synonyms. Using LIKE ANY and LIKE SOME will give the same result.

31. Logical NOT
Select the name and employee number of employees NOT in department 301.
Solution for NOT Operator
SELECT first_name
,last_name
,employee_number
FROM employee
WHERE department_number NOT = 301;
Solution for NOT Condition
SELECT first_name
WHERE NOT (department_number = 301);
Results first_name   last_name  employee_number
Arnando Villegas
James Trader
Loretta Ryan
Darlene Johnson

32. String Functions String Operator Description | |
        | |
Concatenates (combines) character strings together.
SUBSTRING
Obtains a section of a character string.
String Functions
INDEX
Locates a character position in a string.
TRIM
Trims blanks from a string.
UPPER
Converts a string to uppercase.

33. SUBSTRING Function
The SUBSTRING function is intermediate-level ANSI compliant. Teradata continues to support the alternate SUBSTR syntax as well.
Examples
SELECT SUBSTRING ('catalog' FROM 5 for 3);
Result 'log'
SELECT SUBSTR ('catalog', 5,3);

34. INDEX Function
The INDEX function locates a character position in a string.
SELECT INDEX ('cat', 't');
returns 3
SELECT INDEX ('Adams', 'a');
returns 1
SELECT INDEX ('dog', 'e');
returns 0

35. Introduction to Teradata SQL - II
DATE OPERATIONS
Time Related Data
Attributes and Functions
FORMAT Phrase
Attribute Functions
Aggregate Operator
Primary Key / Index Assential
Set Operations
CASE Expression /NULLIFZERO/COALESCE

36. DATE Data Type
The Teradata DATE data type is used to store calendar dates representing year, month and day. It is stored internally as a four-byte integer.
The Teradata database performs basic DATE handling functions including:
Month-to-month conversions.
Year-to-year conversions.
Leap-year conversions.
Dates prior to 1900.
Dates after 2000.
The database treats the DATE data type as an INTEGER value but does not permit invalid calendar dates.

37. The system encodes dates using the formula:
((YEAR ) * 10000) + MONTH * 100) + DAY
For March 31, 1997 the calculation is:
YEAR =( ) *  =
MONTH =(3 * 100)= 300
DAY = 31
DATE =
For March 31, 2002 the calculation is:
YEAR =( ) *  =
DATE =

38. DATE Arithmetic
For January 1, 1900 the result is
For dates before Jan 1, 1900, the integer calculation returns a negative number.  This is only how the date is stored, not how it is represented in a query output.
SQL permits us to perform arithmetic calculations on DATE. When the DATE keyword is SELECTed it is a system variable which represents the current date. (CURRENT_DATE may also be used and is the preferred ANSI standard).
Syntax for finding The date 30 days from today is SELECT DATE + 30;
Syntax for finding the date 1 year from now is SELECT DATE + 365;
Exercise: Find out your age (in rounded years)?

39. Date Function ADD_MONTHS
The ADD_MONTHS function allows the addition of a specified number of months to an existing date, resulting in a new date.
The format of the function is: ADD_MONTHS (date, n)
where n is a number or an expression representing the number of months to be added to the date.
The following examples demonstrate its usage.
Query Result
SELECT DATE; /* March 20, 2001 */ /03/20
SELECT ADD_MONTHS (DATE, 2)
SELECT ADD_MONTHS (DATE, 12*14)
SELECT ADD_MONTHS (DATE, -3)
Note: The results of the ADD_MONTH function are always displayed in YYYY-MM-DD format.

40. Comparison of ADD_MONTHS and simple DATE arithmetic
Problem
Show the date two month from today (March 20, 2001) using both ADD_MONTHS and simple arithmetic methods.
SELECT  DATE        ,ADD_MONTHS(DATE, 2)        ,DATE + 60;
Date         ADD_MONTHS (Date, 2)   Date       /03/20                01/05/19

41. Time Related Data
Teradata supports two data types for holding time-related data:
TIME (WITH ZONE)
TIMESTAMP (WITH ZONE)
TIMESTAMP is a data type which combines both DATE and TIME into a single data type. Both TIME and TIMESTAMP have a WITH ZONE option.

42. Time Data
Description
TIME
TIME WITH ZONE
Single column - representing 3 fields  6 Bytes Length:   -    Hour - Byteint   -    Min   - Byteint   -    Secs. - Dec(8,6) Single column - representing 5 fields 6 Bytes TIME:   -    Hour - Byteint   -    Min   - Byteint   -    Secs. - Dec(8,6) 2 Bytes ZONE:   -    Hour - Byteint   -    Minute - Byteint

43. Timestamp Data
Description
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE
Single column - representing 6 fields  10 Bytes Length:   -    Date = 4 Bytes   -    Time = 6 Bytes
Single column - representing 8 fields 12 Bytes Length:   -    Date = 4 Bytes   -    Time = 6 Bytes   -    Zone = 2 Bytes

44. Interval Data Types SECOND
Interval data types represent a displacement between two points in time
There are two general categories of INTERVAL data types:
Year-Month Intervals
Day-Time Intervals
The following Year-Month interval data types are available: YEAR
YEAR TO MONTH
MONTH
The following Day-Time interval data types are also available:
DAY
DAY TO HOUR
DAY TO MINUTE
DAY TO SECOND
HOUR
HOUR TO MINUTE
HOUR TO SECOND
MINUTE
MINUTE TO SECOND
SECOND

45. Data Conversions Using CAST
The CAST function allows you to convert a value or expression from one data type to another.
For example:
Numeric to Numeric Conversion
SELECT CAST ( AS INTEGER); Result: 50500  (truncated),   SELECT CAST ( AS DEC (6,0)); Result:   (rounded).
Decimal to Decimal Conversions
SELECT CAST(6.74 AS DEC(2,1)); Result: 6.7 (Drops precision)
SELECT CAST(6.75 AS DEC(2,1)); Result: 6.8 (Rounds up to even number)
SELECT CAST(6.85 AS DEC(2,1)); Result: 6.8 (Rounds down to even number)

46. Character to Character Conversions
SELECT CAST (last-name AS CHAR (5))
FROM employee WHERE department_number = 401;
last_name
Johns Trade

47. Attributes and Functions
Attributes for columns and expressions AS
Provides a new name for a column
ANSI
TITLE
Provides a title for a column.
Teradata Extension
FORMAT
Provides formatting for a column.
Functions for columns and expressions
CHARACTERS
Count the number of characters in a column.
Teradata Extension
TRIM
Trim the trailing or leading blanks or binary zeroes from a column.
ANSI

48. AS: Naming a Column or Expression
SELECT last_name
,first_name
,salary_amount / 12 AS monthly_salary
FROM employee
WHERE department_number = 401
ORDER BY monthly_salary;
last_name  first_name  monthly_salary
Johnson Darlene
Trader James

49. Teradata Extensions
SELECT last_name
,first_name
,salary_amount / 12 (NAMED monthly_salary)
FROM employee
WHERE department_number = 401
ORDER BY monthly_salary ;
TITLE Attribute
,salary_amount / 12 (TITLE 'MONTHLY // SALARY')
ORDER BY 3;
MONTHLY
last_name first_name SALARY
Johnson Darlene
Trader James

50. CHARACTERS Function
To find all employees who have more than five characters in their first name.
Solution
SELECT first_name
FROM employee
WHERE CHARACTERS (first_name) > 5;
first_name
Loretta
Darlene
Arnando

51. TRIM Function
Use the TRIM function to suppress leading and/or trailing blanks in a CHAR column or leading and/or trailing binary zeroes in a BYTE or VARBYTE column. TRIM is most useful when performing string concatenations.
There are several variations of the TRIM function:
TRIM ([expression]) leading and trailing blanks/binary zeroes
TRIM (BOTH FROM [expression]) leading and trailing blanks/binary zeroes
TRIM (TRAILING FROM[expression]) trailing blanks/binary zeroes
TRIM (LEADING FROM[expression]) leading blanks/binary zeroes
Problem
List the employees who have exactly four characters in their last name. The data type of last_name is CHAR(20).

52. Solution 1 SELECT first_name ,last_name (TITLE 'last') FROM employee
WHERE CHAR (TRIM (TRAILING FROM last_name)) = 4;
Solution 2
SELECT    first_name   
,last_name(TITLE 'last')
WHERE CHAR(TRIM(last_name))=4;
Results of either solution:
first_name last
Loretta  Ryan
James       Daly

53. Using TRIM with Concatenation Operator
The || (double pipe) symbol is the concatenation operator that creates a new string from the combination of the first string followed by the second.
Example 1: Concatenating of literals without the TRIM function:
SELECT ‘ Jones '||','||‘ Mary 'AS Name;
Name
Jones , Mary

54. FORMAT Phrase
The FORMAT phrase can be used to format column output and override the default format.
For example:
SELECT salary_amount (FORMAT '$$$,$$9.99')
FROM employee
WHERE employee_number = 1004;
salary_amount  $36,300.00 

55. Examples using the format (FORMAT '$$$,$$9.99)
Amount
Display
Notes
*********
Mask cannot be applied - value covers format completely.
$6,300.00
Dollar sign appears to left of the most significant digit.
.63
$0.63
Leading zero, because the 9's in the mask force the display of a digit (or a zero, if there is not one).
3,336,300.00
**********
Fails, because this number is too large for the mask.

56. Problem:
Management has decided to give employee 1004 a $1,000 raise and wants to know what percent the increase will be:
SELECT (1000/salary_amount) * 100 (FORMAT 'ZZ9%')(TITLE 'Increase Percentage')
FROM employee
WHERE employee_number = 1004;
Increase Percentage
 3% 

57. FORMAT Characters The following FORMAT characters are available:
$     Fixed or floating dollar sign.
9     Decimal digit (no zero suppress).
Z     Zero-suppressed decimal digit.
,      Comma.  Inserted where specified.
.      Decimal point position.
-      Dash character.  Inserted where specified.
/      Slash character.  Inserted where specified.
%    Percent character.  Inserted where specified.
X    Character data. Each X represents one character.
G    Graphic data.  Each G represents one logical (double byte) character.
B    Blank data.  Insert a space at this point.
Examples
FORMAT '999999' Data: Result:
FORMAT 'ZZZZZ9' Data: Result: 8777
FORMAT ' ' Data: Result:
FORMAT 'X(3)' Data: 'Smith' Result: Smi
FORMAT '$$9.99' Data: Result: $85.65
FORMAT '999.99' Data: Result:
FORMAT 'X(3)' Data: Result: Error

58. DATE Formats
When dates are displayed as character strings, appropriate formats are applied.
The Teradata default format is: YY/MM/DD
The ANSI display format is: YYYY-MM-DD
The recommended display format eliminates uncertainty about the century.
For example, in the case of: 02/04/29
It is unclear whether this format represents
April 29, 1902 or April 29, 2002.

59. FORMATing DATE in a SQL SELECT Statement
SELECT last_name
,first_name
,hire_date (FORMAT 'mmmBdd,Byyyy')
FROM employee
ORDER BY last_name;
last_name first_name hire_date
Johnson Darlene Oct 15, 1976
Kanieski Carol Feb 01, 1977
Ryan Loretta Oct 15, 1976
Stein John Oct 15, 1976
Trader James Jul 31, 1976
Villegas Arnando Jan 02, 1977

60. Extracting Portions of DATEs
SELECT last_name ,first_name ,birthdate (FORMAT 'mmdd') AS birthday ,birthdate  AS whole_date    
FROM employee   
 WHERE department_number = 401    
ORDER BY3; last_name first_name birthday whole_date
Rogers Frank /04/23
Brown Alan /08/09

61. SELECT last_name ,first_name ,birthdate MOD (FORMAT '9999') AS birthday ,birthdate AS whole_date   
 FROM employee    
WHERE department_number = 401    
ORDER BY3; last_name first_name birthday whole_date
Johnson Darlene /04/23
Rogers Frank /04/23

62. Using the EXTRACT Function
Extracting From Current Date
Query Result
SELECT DATE; /* March 20,2001 */ /03/20 (Default format)
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM DATE);
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM DATE);
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM DATE);
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM DATE + 365); 2002
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM DATE + 30); 04
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM DATE + 12);
Extracting From Current Time
Query Result
SELECT TIME; /* 2:42 PM */ :42:32 (Default format)
SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIME);
SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIME);

63. Truncating CHARACTER Columns
SELECT last_name ,first_name first_name (FORMAT 'X')   
 FROM employee    
WHERE last_name = 'Brown'    
ORDER BY3; last_name first_name first_name
Brown Alan A
Brown Allen A

64. Attribute Functions
The functions available for attribute information are the following:
TYPE
TITLE
FORMAT
NAMED
CHARACTERS
Query Results
SELECT DISTINCT TYPE (job_code) FROM job; INTEGER
SELECT DISTINCT TITLE (job_code)FROM job; job_code
SELECT DISTINCT FORMAT (job_code)FROM job; (10)9
SELECT DISTINCT NAMED (job_code)FROM job; job_code
SELECT DISTINCT CHARACTERS(last_name)    FROM employee;

65. Accidental Cartesian Products
SELECT employee.employee_number
,d.department_name
FROM employee e INNER JOIN department d
ON e.department_number = d.department_number;
SELECT e.employee_number
ON 3 = 3;

66. Aggregating Groups Aggregate Operators
Aggregate operators perform computations on values in a specified group.
The five aggregate operators are:
ANSI Standard
Teradata Supported
COUNT
SUM
AVG
AVERAGE, AVG
MAX
MAXIMUM, MAX
MIN
MINIMUM, MIN
AGGREGATE operations ignore NULLs and produce ONLY single-line answers.

67. Example
SELECT COUNT ( salary_amount ) (TITLE 'COUNT')
,SUM ( salary_amount ) (TITLE 'SUM  SALARY')
,AVG ( salary_amount ) (TITLE 'AVG  SALARY')
,MAX ( salary_amount ) (TITLE 'MAX  SALARY')
,MIN ( salary_amount ) (TITLE 'MIN  SALARY')
FROM employee ;
Result
COUNT SUM SALARY AVG SALARY MAX SALARY MIN SALARY

68. GROUP BY and the WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause eliminates some rows before GROUP BY puts them into desired groupings.
Problem Compute total salaries by department for departments 401 and 403.
Solution
SELECT department_number
,SUM (salary_amount)
FROM employee
WHERE department_number IN (401, 403)
GROUP BY department_number ;
department_number Sum (salary_amount)

69. GROUP BY and HAVING Condition
HAVING is just like WHERE , except that it applies to groups rather than rows. HAVING qualifies and selects only those groups that satisfy a conditional expression.
Problem
Determine which departments have average salaries of less than $36,000. Generate the report using the HAVING clause:
SELECT department_number AS DEPT
,COUNT (*) AS #_EMPS
,CAST ( SUM (salary_amount) AS FORMAT 'zz,zzz,zz9.99')
AS TOTAL
,CAST ( MAX (salary_amount) AS FORMAT 'zz,zzz,zz9.99')
AS HIGHEST
,CAST ( MIN (salary_amount) AS FORMAT 'zz,zzz,zz9.99')
AS LOWEST
,CAST ( AVG (salary_amount) AS FORMAT 'zz,zzz,zz9.99')
AS MEAN
FROM employee
GROUP BY department_number
HAVING AVG (salary_amount) < ;
DEPT #_EMPS TOTAL HIGHEST LOWEST MEAN
, , , ,082.14

70. GROUP BY Summary
Here is the order of evaluation within a SQL statement if all four clauses are present:
WHERE
Eliminates some or all rows immediately based on condition.
Only rows which satisfy a WHERE condition are eligible for inclusion in groups.
GROUP BY
Puts qualified rows into desired groupings.
HAVING
Eliminates some (or all) of the groupings based on condition.
ORDER BY
Sorts final groups for output.       (ORDER BY is not implied by GROUP BY)

71. Primary Key vs. Primary Index
Primary Key (PK) - is defined as one or more columns used to uniquely identify each row in a table. PKs are used in conjunction with foreign keys to define the important column relationships in a database. PKs are always unique and cannot be null. PKs are not known to the Teradata RDBMS as such. The Teradata RDBMS implements a primary key as a unique index.
Primary Index - is defined as one or more columns used to distribute and locate rows in a table. Choice of primary index will affect distribution, access and performance. Oftentimes, but not always, the Primary Index and Primary Key are the same. Indexes (primary or secondary) may be used to enforce uniqueness (as in a PK) or to improve access. They may be unique or non-unique.

72. Every table must have exactly one primary index.
Indexes may be:
Primary 
Secondary
UNIQUE
UPI
USI
NON-UNIQUE
NUPI
NUSI
Every table must have exactly one primary index.

73. Between 0-N where N = any number > 0
 #AMPS 
#ROWS
UPI 1
0 or 1
NUPI
Between 0-N   where N = any number > 0 
USI 2
Between 0-1
NUSI
All
Between 0-N
Full table scan

74. INSERT INSERT allows you to add a new row to a table. Example
There are two types of insert:
Insert a new employee into the employee table: INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1210, NULL, 401, , 'Smith', 'James', , , 41000);
Insert a new employee with only partial data: INSERT INTO employee     (last_name, first_name, hire_date,birthday, salary_amount,
employee_number) VALUES ('Garcia', 'Maria', , ,              , 1291);

75. INSERT SELECT
Use INSERT SELECT to copy rows from one table to another.
The syntax is as follows:
INSERT INTO target_table
SELECT * FROM source_table;
Simple INSERT SELECT:
INSERT INTO emp_copy SELECT  *  FROM emp;
Assumes:
emp and emp_copy have same definition.
a complete replica of emp is desired.

76. UPDATE
UPDATE allows to modify one or many columns of one or many rows in a single table.
The WHERE condition can include:
Columns from the table being updated.
Joins with columns from other tables.
Subqueries.
UPDATE Using Subqueries or Joins
Problem
Update the employee table to give everyone in all support departments a 10% raise. Department numbers for all of the support departments are not known.

77. Solution 1
Using Subquery
UPDATE employee
SET salary_amount=salary_amount *1.10
WHERE department_number IN 
(SELECT department_number 
FROM department 
WHERE department_name LIKE '%Support%');
Solution 2
Using Join: UPDATE employee
SET salary_amount=salary_amount * 1.10
WHERE employee.department_number
= department.department_number
AND department_name LIKE '%Support%'; 

78. DELETE
DELETE allows you to delete rows from a single table. If no WHERE clause is specified, then all rows are deleted.
The WHERE condition can reference:
Column values in the target table.
Column values based on a subquery against another table.
Column values based on a join with another table.
Problem
Remove all employees in department 301 from the employee table.
DELETE FROM  employee
WHERE department_number = 301;

79. DELETE Using Subqueries or Joins
Problem
Remove all employees assigned to a temporary department for which the department name is "Temp". 
Solution 1 Using Subquery:
DELETE FROM employee
WHERE department_number IN
(SELECT department_number
FROM department
WHERE department_name ='Temp');
Solution 2 Using Join:
WHERE employee.department_number=department.department_number
AND department.department_name='Temp';

80. INTERSECT, UNION and EXCEPT.
Set Operations
Set Operators
INTERSECT, UNION and EXCEPT.
INTERSECT
The INTERSECT operator returns rows from multiple sets which share some criteria in common.
UNION
The UNION operator returns all rows from multiple sets, displaying duplicate rows only once.
EXCEPT
The EXCEPT operator subtracts the contents of one set from the contents of another.

81. INTERSECT Operator Problem
Create a list all department managers who are assigned subordinate employees. Note that not all department managers have subordinates and not all managers with subordinates are department managers.
Solution
SELECT manager_employee_number
FROM employee
INTERSECT
FROM department
ORDER BY 1 ;
Results
manager_employee_number
801
1003
1005
1011
1017
1019
1025

82. EXCEPT Operator synonym for EXCEPT is MINUS Problem
To list all department managers who do not have subordinates.
Solution
SELECT manager_employee_number
FROM department
EXCEPT
FROM employee
ORDER BY 1 ;
Result
manager_employee_number
1016
1099

83. UNION Operator Problem
Show manager 1019 identifying him as the manager, show his employees and identify each of them as an employee.
Solution
SELECT first_name
,last_name
,'employee‘ (TITLE 'employee//type')
FROM employee
WHERE manager_employee_number = 1019
UNION
,' manager ‘
WHERE employee_number = 1019
ORDER BY 2 ;
Results Employee
first_name last_name type
Carol Kanieski employee
Ron Kubic manager
John Stein employee

95. Introduction to Teradata SQL - III
MACROS
VIEWS

96. Macro
A macro is a Teradata extension to ANSI SQL that contains prewritten SQL statements. The actual text of the macro is stored in a global repository called the Data Dictionary (DD). Macros are database objects and thus they belong to a specified user or database. They may contain one or more SQL statements.
CREATE MACRO
Example Create a macro to generate a birthday list for department 201: CREATE MACRO birthday_list AS
(SELECT last_name
,first_name
,birthdate
FROM employee
WHERE department_number =201
ORDER BY birthdate;);

97. EXECUTE Macro
To execute a macro, simply precede its name with the EXEC command.
EXEC birthday_list;
last_name first_name birthdate
Morrissey Jim /04/29
Short Michael /07/07
DROP Macro
Use the DROP MACRO command to delete a macro.
DROP MACRO birthday_list;

98. REPLACE Macro
Need to resubmit the entire contents of a macro to modify it.
REPLACE MACRO birthday_list AS      
(SELECT last_name
,first_name
,birthdate
FROM employee
WHERE department_number = 201
ORDER BY birthdate, last_name;);

99. Parameterized Macros
Macros contain one or more prewritten SQL statements that are stored in the Teradata Data Dictionary.
They can be executed from any viable SQL front-end, including:
Queryman.
BTEQ.
Preprocessor.
CLI.
LOGON Startup.
Another macro.
Other key points to note about Macros:
Macros are a Teradata extension to SQL.
Macros can only be executed with the EXEC privilege.
Macros can provide column level security.
NOTE: If a user has EXEC privileges, it doesn't matter whether or not he has privileges for the underlying tables or views that the macro uses.

100. Simple Parameterized Macros
Parameterized macros allow substitutable variables. Values for these variables are supplied at runtime.
Example
CREATE MACRO dept_list (dept INTEGER)AS(
SELECT last_name
FROM employee
WHERE department_number = :dept; );
To Execute
EXEC dept_list (301);

101. Macros with Multiple Parameters
Macros may have more than one parameter. Each name and its associated type are separated by a comma from the next name and its associated type. The order is important. The first value in the EXEC of the macro will be associated with the first value in the parameter list. The second value in the EXEC is associated with the second value in the parameter list, and so on.
Example 1
CREATE MACRO emp_check (dept INTEGER                  
,sal_amt DEC(9,2))
AS (SELECT employee_number
from employee
WHERE department_number = :dept
AND salary_amount < :sal_amt;) ;
To Execute
EXEC emp_check (301, 50000);

102. Using a Parameterized Macro to Insert Data
CREATE MACRO new_dept
( dept INTEGER
,budget DEC(10,2) DEFAULT 0
,name CHAR(30)
,mgr INTEGER) AS (
INSERT INTO department
( department_number
, department_name
, budget_amount
, manager_employee_number)
VALUES ( :dept
, :name
, :budget
, :mgr ) ;
SELECT department_number (TITLE ‘Number’)
,department_name (TITLE ‘Name’)
,budget_amount (TITLE ‘Budget’)
,manager_employee_number (TITLE ‘Manager’)
FROM department
WHERE department_number = :dept; );

103. Views A view is like a 'window' into a table.
It provides customized access to base tables by:
Restricting which columns are visible from the base table.
Restricting which rows are visible from the base table.
Combining columns and rows from several base tables.
Creating and Using Views 
Problem Create a view of the employees in department 403 to use for both read and update. Limit the view to an employee’s number, last name, and salary.

104. Solution CREATE VIEW emp_403 AS SELECT employee_number       ,last_name       ,salary_amount FROM employee WHERE department_number = 403;
To Read From This View
SELECT * FROM emp_403; Results
employee_number     last_name                    salary_amount                              1009     Lombardo                                               1007     Villegas                                                   1012     Hopkins                                                  1005     Ryan                                                       1024     Brown                                                     1020     Charles                               

105. What is a Join View?
A Join View consists of columns from more than one table.
Example
Create a Join View of the employee and call_employee tables for call dispatch use.
CREATE VIEW employee_call AS SELECT employee.employee_number         
,last_name         
,first_name      
  ,call_number      
   ,call_status_code     
     ,assigned_date          ,assigned_time    
      ,finished_date    
      ,finished_time
FROM employee INNER JOIN call_employee
ON call_employee.employee_number = employee.employee_number;

106. Replacing a View
REPLACE VIEW shortcut (emp, dept, last, first, sal) AS         SELECT employee_number            
 ,department_number        
     ,last_name            
,first_name           
   ,salary_amount      
  FROM employee
WHERE department_number = 301;

107. Aggregate Views
You may create a view that summarizes information by using aggregates.
CREATE VIEW deptsals AS
SELECT department_number AS department
,SUM (salary_amount)AS salary_total
,AVG (salary_amount)AS salary_average
,MAX (salary_amount)AS salary_max
,MIN (salary_amount) AS salary_min
FROM employee
GROUP BY department_number;
NOTE: Aggregate and derived columns must be assigned names.

108. Joins on Views with Aggregates
Problem:
Create a view showing the the aggregate salaries by department number.
Solution
CREATE VIEW dept_salaries (deptnum, salaries) AS
SELECT department_number,
SUM(salary_amount)
FROM employee
GROUP BY 1;

109. Problem
Show by department name which departments have aggregate salaries greater than $100,000.
Solution
SELECT deptnum
,department_name
,salaries
FROM dept_salaries ds INNER JOIN department de
ON ds.deptnum = de.department_number
WHERE salaries > ORDER BY 1;
Results
deptnum department_name salaries
research and development
customer support
education
marketing sales

110. Views WITH CHECK OPTION
In a view, the WITH CHECK OPTION limits the abilities of users with update and insert privileges on the view. A user may not insert or update a row if the resulting row will violate the constraints of the WHERE clause.
For example, let's replace a view using the WITH CHECK OPTION:
REPLACE VIEW dept_budget AS SELECT department_number AS Dept       ,department_name AS Name       ,budget_amount AS Budget       ,manager_employee_number AS Mgr FROM department WHERE Budget <= WITH CHECK OPTION;

111. Restrictions and Advantages With Views
Restrictions When Using Views
An index cannot be created on a view.
A view cannot contain an ORDER BY clause.
Derived and aggregated columns must be assigned a name.
A view cannot be used to UPDATE if it contains:
Data from more than one table (Join View).
The same column twice.
Derived columns.
A DISTINCT clause.
A GROUP BY clause.
Advantages When Using Views
An additional level of security.
Help in controlling read and update privileges.
Simplify end-user's access to data.
Are unaffected if a column is added to a table; and
Are unaffected if a column is dropped, unless the dropped column is referenced by the view.

112. THANK YOU