1. Data Structures Using Java1 Chapter 1 Software Engineering Principles and Java Classes

2. Data Structures Using Java2 Chapter Objectives Learn about software engineering principles Discover what an algorithm is and explore problem-solving techniques Become aware of structured design and object- oriented design programming methodologies Learn about user-defined classes Learn about private, protected, and public members of a class

3. Data Structures Using Java3 Chapter Objectives Explore how classes are implemented Become aware of Unified Modeling Language (UML) notation Examine constructors and destructors Learn about the abstract data type (ADT) Explore how classes are used to implement ADT

4. Data Structures Using Java4 Software Life Cycle Life cycle: the many phases a program goes through from the time it is conceived until the time it is retired Three fundamental stages of a program –Development –Use –Maintenance

5. Data Structures Using Java5 Software Development Phase Analysis –Understand problem –Requirements analysis –Data analysis –Divide problem into subproblems and perform analysis

6. Data Structures Using Java6 Software Development Phase Design –Algorithm –Structured design Divide problem into subproblems and analyze each subproblem –Object-oriented design Identify components (objects) which form the basis of solution Determine how these objects interact with one another

7. Data Structures Using Java7 Software Development Phase Three basic principles of object-oriented design (OOD) –Encapsulation: ability to combine data and operations in a single unit –Inheritance: ability to create new data types from existing data types –Polymorphism: ability to use the same expression to denote different operations

8. Data Structures Using Java8 Software Development Phase Implementation –Write and compile programming code to implement classes and functions discovered in design phase

9. Data Structures Using Java9 Software Development Phase Testing and Debugging –Test the correctness of the program to make sure it does what it is supposed to do –Find and fix errors –Run program through series of specific tests, test cases

10. Data Structures Using Java10 Software Development Phase Testing and Debugging –Black-box testing: test based on inputs and outputs not the internal working of the algorithm or function –White-box testing: relies on the internal structure and implementation of a function or algorithm; ensures that every part of the function or algorithm executes at least once

11. Data Structures Using Java11 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation

12. Data Structures Using Java12 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation

13. Data Structures Using Java13 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation

14. Data Structures Using Java14 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation

15. Data Structures Using Java15 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation Definition: Let f be a function of n.The term “asymptotic” means the study of the function f as n becomes larger and larger without bound.

16. Data Structures Using Java16 Asymptotic Notation (O) Definition f(n) = O(g(n)) iff there exist positive constants c and n 0 such that f(n)  cg(n) for all n, n  n 0. Examples –3n+2=O(n)/* 3n+2  4n for n  2 */ –3n+3=O(n)/* 3n+3  4n for n  3 */ –100n+6=O(n)/* 100n+6  101n for n  10 */ –10n 2 +4n+2=O(n 2 ) /* 10n 2 +4n+2  11n 2 for n  5 */ –6*2 n +n 2 =O(2 n )/* 6*2 n +n 2  7*2 n for n  4 */

17. Data Structures Using Java17 Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation

18. Data Structures Using Java18 O(1): constant O(n): linear O(n 2 ): quadratic O(n 3 ): cubic O(2 n ): exponential O(logn) O(nlogn)

19. Data Structures Using Java19 nlogn n logn

20. Data Structures Using Java20 Classes class: reserved word; collection of a fixed number of components Components: member of a class Members accessed by name Class categories/modifiers –Private –Protected –public

21. Data Structures Using Java21 Classes private: members of class not accessible outside class public: members of class accessible outside class Class members: can be methods or variables Variable members declared like any other variables

22. Data Structures Using Java22 Syntax General syntax for defining a class: modifier(s) class ClassIdentifier modifier(s) { classMembers } General syntax for using the operator new: new className() or new className(argument1, argument2,..., argumentN)

23. Data Structures Using Java23 Classes Syntax to access data member of class object or method: referenceVariableName.memberName Shallow copying: two or more reference variables of the same type point to the same object Deep copying: each reference variable refers to its own object

24. Data Structures Using Java24 Constructors Guarantee that data members are initialized when object is declared Automatically execute when class object created Name of constructor is name of class More than one constructor can be present in one class Default constructor: constructor without parameters

25. Data Structures Using Java25 The Copy Constructor Executes when an object is instantiated Initialized using an existing object Syntax public ClassName(ClassName otherObject)

26. Data Structures Using Java26 UML Diagram

27. Data Structures Using Java27 UML Diagram Top box: Name of class Middle box: data members and their data types Bottom box: member methods’ names, parameter list, return type of method + means public method - means private method # means protected method

28. Data Structures Using Java28 Example: class Clock myClock = new Clock(); yourClock = new Clock(9,35,15);

29. Data Structures Using Java29 Example: class Clock

30. Data Structures Using Java30 Example: class Clock

31. Data Structures Using Java31 The Method toString Public value-returning method Takes no parameters Returns address of String object Output using print and println methods Default definition creates String with name of object’s class name followed by hash code of object

32. Data Structures Using Java32 The Modifier Static In method heading, specifies that method can be invoked by using name of class If used to declare data member, data member invoked by using class name Static data members of class exist even when no object of class type instantiated Static variables are initialized to their default values

33. Data Structures Using Java33 static Data Members of a Class Illustrate illusObject1 = new Illustrate(3); Illustrate illusObject2 = new Illustrate(5);

34. Data Structures Using Java34 Finalizers Automatically execute when class object goes out of scope Have no parameters Only one finalizer per class Name of finalizer: finalize

35. Data Structures Using Java35 Creating Packages Can create packages using reserved word package –Define the class to be public (If class not public it can only be used within package) –Choose name for package. Organize package (create subdirectories)

36. Data Structures Using Java36 The Reference this Refers to instance variables and methods of a class Used to implement cascaded method calls

37. Data Structures Using Java37 Inner Classes Defined within other classes Can be either a complete class definition or anonymous inner class definition Used to handle events

38. Data Structures Using Java38 Abstract Data Types Definition: A data type that specifies the logical properties without the implementation details

39. Data Structures Using Java39 Programming Example: Candy Machine (Problem Statement) A common place to buy candy is from a candy machine. A new candy machine is bought for the gym, but it is not working properly. The machine sells candies, chips, gum, and cookies. You have been asked to write a program for this candy machine so that it can be put into operation. The program should do the following: 1. Show the customer the different products sold by the candy machine. 2. Let the customer make the selection. 3. Show the customer the cost of the item selected. 4. Accept money from the customer. 5. Release the item.

40. Data Structures Using Java40 Programming Example: Candy Machine (Input and Output) Input –Item Selection –Cost of Item Output –The selected item

41. Data Structures Using Java41 Programming Example: Candy Machine Components –Cash Register –Several Dispensers

42. Data Structures Using Java42 Programming Example: Candy Machine

43. Data Structures Using Java43 Programming Example: Candy Machine

44. Data Structures Using Java44 Programming Example: Candy Machine Object chips

45. Data Structures Using Java45 Programming Example: Candy Machine Sample Run: In this sample run, the user input is shaded. *** Welcome to Shelly's Candy Shop *** To select an item, enter 1 for Candy 2 for Chips 3 for Gum 4 for Cookies 9 to exit 1 Please deposit 50 cents 50 Collect your item at the bottom and enjoy.

46. Data Structures Using Java46 Object-Oriented Design Simplified methodology 1. Write down detailed description of problem 2. Identify all (relevant) nouns and verbs 3. From list of nouns, select objects 4. Identify data components of each object 5. From list of verbs, select operations

47. Data Structures Using Java47 Object-Oriented Design Example Problem Statement –Write a program to input the dimensions of a cylinder and calculate and print the surface area and volume Nouns –Dimensions, surface area, volume, cylinder

48. Data Structures Using Java48 Chapter Summary Software Life Cycle –Development, Use, Maintenance Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation Classes UML Diagram Constructors, Destructors Abstract Data Types

49. Data Structures Using Java49 Chapter Summary Software Development Phase –Analysis –Design Structured design Object-oriented design –Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism –Implementation –Testing and Debugging