1. Introducing Science

2. 1.1 What is Science?
Science is the study of the world around us through observation, experimentation and analysis.
There are 3 main areas of study in Science:
Physics
Chemistry
Biology

3. technology that allowed
1.2 What is Technology?
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
But it is the use of
technology that allowed
us to build a submarine
made of iron that can
float and sink in water.
Science may
explain why iron
sinks in water.

4. Group work Form a team of four students Discuss and state
3 advantages of science and technology
For example, mobile phones make communication easier
3 disadvantages of science and technology
For example, cars that uses petrol as fuel increases air pollution

5. Benefits of technology
Technology has improved our lives in many ways. These include:
the invention of medicines such as antibiotics to fight diseases;
the development of food crops that are pest and disease resistant;
the invention of bicycles, automobiles, ships and aircraft for transportation; and
the invention of the telephone, computer, radio, and television for communication and dissemination of information.

6. Abuses of technology
Though science and technology have made our lives better, sometimes they can cause harm to society and the environment, especially when misused.
For example, should
you blame the soldiers
or the weapons
they use for the lives
during battles?

7. Can technology solve all our problems?
Despite the many benefits of technology, it cannot solve all our problems.
For example, technology
cannot stop natural
disasters such as
earthquakes and
hurricanes from happening.

8. Laboratory rules Throughout the lesson:
Do not enter the science laboratory without the teacher’s permission.
No food or drinks are to be consumed in the science laboratory.
Be serious at all times in the science laboratory. Do not play or tamper with the equipment.
Keep your desk clean and tidy.

9. Laboratory rules Before you begin the experiment:
Seek your teacher’s permission before carrying out any experiment.
Read all instructions carefully before each experiment.
Prepare all apparatus and arrange them such that you will not knock them over while doing the experiment.

10. Laboratory rules During the experiment:
If you are not sure of how to use any equipment or how to proceed, ask your teacher for help. Never try to second-guess your way through an experiment.
Never smell or taste chemicals unless your teacher gives permission.
Wear goggles when heating or mixing reactive chemicals.

11. Laboratory rules During the experiment:
Never point your test tube at your laboratory mates while heating liquids. Extremely hot liquids sometimes shoot out of test tubes.
Wipe all spills. Ask your teacher if you need to dilute the spills if it involves chemicals, like acids, with water before wiping.

12. Laboratory rules After the experiment:
Wash all apparatus after use and return to their proper places.
Dispose of waste materials in proper waste bins. Never throw solids or corrosive liquids in the sink.
Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving the science laboratory.
Do not remove chemicals and apparatus from the science laboratory.

13. How many hazards can you spot?

14. Hazard symbols
Hazard symbols alert you to chemicals that are potentially harmful.
Explosive
Substance will react violently when
heated or struck e.g. flash powder.

15. Hazard symbols Biohazardous
Poisonous substance of a biological nature e.g. some medical waste, microorganism, virus or toxin
Irritable
Substance produces vapours or fumes which irritate the eyes, nose and throat e.g. phenol, chloroform
Radioactive
Substance emits radiation e.g. radioactive carbon, uranium

16. Hazard symbols Corrosive
Substance will eat away other substance e.g. sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide
Flammable
Substance catches fire easily e.g. petrol, kerosene, alcohol, hydrogen
Toxic
Substance is harmful in small doses e.g. methanol, cyanide, mercury, carbon monoxide, chlorine

17. Apparatus and equipment
Each type of apparatus or equipment has a particular function in the science laboratory.
Glassware allows us to make clear observations and follow the changes that take place.
Equipment allows us to make accurate measurements to test the hypothesis.

18. Apparatus and equipment
Bunsen burner
For raising a flame above the table surface high enough for heating

19. Apparatus and equipment
Retort stand
For supporting apparatus during experiments

20. Apparatus and equipment
Tripod stand
For supporting apparatus during heating

21. Apparatus and equipment
Test tube
For containing small amounts of chemicals for heating
For mixing solutions/liquids

22. Apparatus and equipment
Round-bottomed flask
For mixing and heating chemicals to produce a gas when heating is required

23. Apparatus and equipment
Filter funnel
For transferring liquid into containers with a small opening
For separating solids from liquids by the use of filter paper

24. Apparatus and equipment
Boiling tube
For containing chemicals
For collecting and holding liquids

25. Apparatus and equipment
Beaker
For containing chemicals
For collecting and holding liquids

26. Apparatus and equipment
Conical flask
For containing and mixing chemicals and liquids to produce a gas when heating is not required

27. Apparatus and equipment
Gas jar
For collecting gas

28. Apparatus and equipment
Bell jar
To separate the set-up for an experiment from the surroundings

29. Apparatus and equipment
Evaporating dish
To evaporate the liquid in a solution over a Bunsen burner

30. 1.5 The Scientific Method Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Analyse, infer and predict
Step 3: Plan experiments to test your hypothesis
Step 4: Record and analyse your results
Step 5: Discuss with others
Step 6: Summarise your results and draw conclusions
Step 7: Communicate your findings with others

31. A Problem
Investigate how temperature affect the amount of time to dissolve sugar
What are the variables?
Independent Variable – Variable that I change
Dependent Variable – Variable that I measure/observe
Controlled variable: Variable that does not change
2009 S1 Science: Investigating Science Lesson 3

32. A problem Plot a graph to determine the relationship
When plotting the variables on the graph:
Independent variable is on the horizontal axis
Dependent variable on the vertical axis
How do you think the graph would look?
Try it and compare with your friend’s

33. Miscellaneous http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science