1. Spanish Rule Ends in Texas Main Idea: Spain begins to lose its control of Texas as American filibusters and Mexican revolutionaries threaten Spanish authority.

2. What was the Hidalgo Revolt? September 16, 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla issues the “grito de delores”, or cry for Mexican independence from Spain Mexican people should govern themselves and revolt against Spain NOTE: Father Miguel Hidalgo ≠ Father Francisco Hidalgo (no relation)

3. How did the Hidalgo Revolt affect Spanish Texas? His forces fail to capture Mexico City, and Hidalgo is captured and executed in 1811 He inspires others to take up arms Some of his followers invade Texas and capture San Antonio and other Texas towns; but are later defeated by Spanish loyalists

4. What was the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition? Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, one of Hidalgo’s supporters; recruits American Augustus Magee for help in the liberation of Texas from Spain In August 1812, they form the “Republican Army of the North”, and later capture Nacogdoches, Goliad, and San Antonio Above: Solid Green Flag of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

5. What was the Battle of Medina? Americans wanted a republic, but the Mexicans wanted a government with appointed officials Americans wanted Texas independence from Spain, but Mexicans wanted Texas to remain part of Mexico In August 1813, the Republican Army is defeated by the Spanish Army led by General Joaquin de Arredondo at the Battle of Medina [River], north of San Antonio. They kill/execute most of the Republican Army.

6. How did revolutionaries and pirates affect Spanish Texas? French pirates helped against Spanish resistance along the Gulf Coast. Louis Michel Aury transported an expedition of Mexican rebel troops along the coast under the command of Francisco Mina Jean Laffite was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their cargo than fighting for Mexican independence. Jean Laffite

7. What was the James Long Expedition? James Long, a filibuster, was angry that the U.S. surrendered claim to Texas (Adams-Onis Treaty) He led a force of rebels and captured Nacogdoches and declared Texas a free and independent and was elected president. Above: James Long’s Flag

8. Why did the James Long Expedition fail? While Long was in Galveston seeking Jean Laffite’s aid, Spanish troops defeated Long’s forces in East Texas. Long recruited more troops and captured Goliad, but was forced to surrender to Spanish troops. He was later taken to Mexico City and killed.