1. Life in New France

2. Daily Life The population was composed initially of small, isolated groups of men travelling throughout the country. The population was composed initially of small, isolated groups of men travelling throughout the country. Creation of the royal colony in 1663, with administration by the Church and monarchy brought more immigrants than before Creation of the royal colony in 1663, with administration by the Church and monarchy brought more immigrants than before This social structure mirrored that of France under the Ancien Régime. This social structure mirrored that of France under the Ancien Régime. During the 18th century, inhabitants of the colony began to define themselves separate from the “mother country” During the 18th century, inhabitants of the colony began to define themselves separate from the “mother country” Acadians Acadians Canadians Canadians Habitant Habitant Couer du Bois Couer du Bois

3. The Population Low immigration during 17th and 18th centuries meant that despite high birth rates, the population remained small. Low immigration during 17th and 18th centuries meant that despite high birth rates, the population remained small. 1760 - 85,000 inhabitants 1760 - 85,000 inhabitants - compares to 2 million in the English colonies. - compares to 2 million in the English colonies. Canada = 75,000 (concentrated mainly in St. Lawrence Valley Canada = 75,000 (concentrated mainly in St. Lawrence Valley Maritimes = 5,000 (Acadians) Louisbourg was the main settlement Maritimes = 5,000 (Acadians) Louisbourg was the main settlement West = 900 inhabited the Pays d'en haut (the Great Lakes region) and outpost at Detroit West = 900 inhabited the Pays d'en haut (the Great Lakes region) and outpost at Detroit Louisiana = 4,000 inhabitants Louisiana = 4,000 inhabitants

5. Birth Rate Men and women were encouraged to marry young and have large families. Fines were given to fathers of unwed adults (particularly women) Families received a Family Allowance benefit for having more than 10 children. Young married couples received a bonus payment. Bachelors were fined or had their livelihood restricted by having limitations placed upon their access to trade.

6. Immigration Les Filles du Roi (Girls of the King) – 900 French girls were sent to New France from France as wives. Soldiers – retired soldiers were offered free land in New France upon their retirement. Habitants & Engages (people offered land for service)

7. The Nobility The nobles of New France, though few in number, occupied a position of privilege. The nobles of New France, though few in number, occupied a position of privilege. granted seigneuries, fur-trading licences and positions in the civil administration granted seigneuries, fur-trading licences and positions in the civil administration military officers who played an important role in the various wars and negotiations with the Aboriginal peoples. military officers who played an important role in the various wars and negotiations with the Aboriginal peoples. To the 170 nobles who immigrated were added 11 Canadians. To the 170 nobles who immigrated were added 11 Canadians. After the Treaty of Paris of 1763, many nobles left the colony, and those who remained had difficulty holding onto their rank and fortune. After the Treaty of Paris of 1763, many nobles left the colony, and those who remained had difficulty holding onto their rank and fortune.

8. Slavery An ordinance issued by the Intendant Jacques Raudot in 1709 officially acknowledged the practice of slavery in the colony. An ordinance issued by the Intendant Jacques Raudot in 1709 officially acknowledged the practice of slavery in the colony. Total number of slaves (2,500) lived in the cities and towns. Total number of slaves (2,500) lived in the cities and towns. almost all slaves worked as domestic servants almost all slaves worked as domestic servants Only 1/3 were of African descent. Only 1/3 were of African descent. majority were Aboriginal people known as panis (Pawnee tribe, from the Missouri region). majority were Aboriginal people known as panis (Pawnee tribe, from the Missouri region). Slavery endured in Canada until the end of the 18th century, but was not abolished in the English colonies until 1833, and in the French colonies until 1848. Slavery endured in Canada until the end of the 18th century, but was not abolished in the English colonies until 1833, and in the French colonies until 1848.

9. The Regulation of Everyday Life As the population grew daily life in New France became increasingly regulated. As the population grew daily life in New France became increasingly regulated. Regulated by church decree. Regulated by church decree. Missionaries brought new zeal and influenced the moral discipline of the inhabitants. Missionaries brought new zeal and influenced the moral discipline of the inhabitants. ordinances, statutes and pastoral letters were issued on every aspect of life, particularly areas where the civil and religious authorities perceived a threat to public order and safety. ordinances, statutes and pastoral letters were issued on every aspect of life, particularly areas where the civil and religious authorities perceived a threat to public order and safety. these rulings had to be repeated many times because it was difficult for the State to apply them, lack enforcement these rulings had to be repeated many times because it was difficult for the State to apply them, lack enforcement

10. Education Education was almost exclusively the responsibility of the Church. Education was almost exclusively the responsibility of the Church. In the cities and towns (Montréal, Québec, Louisbourg and Trois- Rivières), instruction was provided by religious orders such as the Ursulines, the Charron Brothers, the Sulpicians and the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame. In the cities and towns (Montréal, Québec, Louisbourg and Trois- Rivières), instruction was provided by religious orders such as the Ursulines, the Charron Brothers, the Sulpicians and the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame. Primary schools were created to teach reading, writing and arithmetic, and by 1760, there were about 30 schools for boys and 15 schools for girls. Primary schools were created to teach reading, writing and arithmetic, and by 1760, there were about 30 schools for boys and 15 schools for girls. The schoolteachers, who were sometimes itinerant, came under the control of the parish priests. The schoolteachers, who were sometimes itinerant, came under the control of the parish priests. New France's only institution of higher learning was the Jesuit College in Québec. New France's only institution of higher learning was the Jesuit College in Québec. Education was accessible to a minority of the population, and very few people were able to sign their name. Education was accessible to a minority of the population, and very few people were able to sign their name.

11. Medical Care A small group of doctors, surgeons and apothecaries looked after the health of Canadians. A small group of doctors, surgeons and apothecaries looked after the health of Canadians. The Intendants played a vital role in establishing an efficient medical system and introducing public health regulations. The Intendants played a vital role in establishing an efficient medical system and introducing public health regulations. particular concern was for soldiers and mothers (midwives) particular concern was for soldiers and mothers (midwives) Generally speaking, people were born and died in their own homes. Generally speaking, people were born and died in their own homes. The sick were cared for in hospitals that resembled those in Europe: there was one ward for men and another for women The sick were cared for in hospitals that resembled those in Europe: there was one ward for men and another for women The Hôtel-Dieu and general hospitals in Québec, Montréal and Trois-Rivières were founded and run by female religious communities; their doors were open not only to the sick, but also to poor people, beggars and the elderly, who were expected to help with the work. The Hôtel-Dieu and general hospitals in Québec, Montréal and Trois-Rivières were founded and run by female religious communities; their doors were open not only to the sick, but also to poor people, beggars and the elderly, who were expected to help with the work. Aboriginal practices were integrated over the years. Aboriginal practices were integrated over the years.