1. CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS DORSAL NERVE CORD NOTOCHORD AT SOME STAGE (STIFF FLEXIBLE ROD THAT SUPPORTS THE NERVE CORD) PAIRED GILL SLITS AT SOME STAGE (CONNECTING PHARYNX TO OUTSIDE) OTHER CHARACTERISICS: –TAIL EXTENDING BEYOND ANUS –BILATERAL SYMMETRY –THREE GERM LAYERS –COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT –CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

2. Section 30-1 Muscle segments Tail Anus Pharyngeal pouches Mouth Hollow nerve cord Notochord The Generalized Structure of a Chordate

3. Section 30-1 Nonvertebrate chordates Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Invertebrate ancestor Chordate Cladogram

4. CHORDATE CLASSIFICATION (BASED ON COMPARISON OF YOUNG WITH ADULTS) SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA ADULTS  NO DORSAL NERVE CORD, NOTOCHORD, OR GILL SLITS SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA ADULTS- HAVE NOTOCHORD, DORSAL NERVE CORD, & GILL SLITS SYBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA ADULTS- HAVE DORSAL NERVE CORD, BUT NO NOTOCHORD OR GILL SLITS

5. Vertebrate Characteristics Endoskeleton for support, protection, muscle attachment Bone or cartilage replaces notochord Enlarged brain case (cranium) with spinal cord that is surrounded by bones (vertebrae) Definite body form- head, neck, trunk, tail Body covering- (skin, scales, feathers, hair) may be replaced by shedding or molting

6. Vertebrate Characteristics Cont. Endoskeleton divided into 2 major divisions: 1.Axial skeleton: made up of the skull and spine 2.Appendicular skeleton: limb attachments to the girdles, limbs are in pairs (fins, legs, wings, flippers) Pectoral girdle: anterior end, shoulder region Pelvic girdle: posterior end, hip region

7. Vertebrate Characteristics Cont. Respiration (gas exchange)/ moist skin, gills, lungs Excretion (wastes from blood)/ moist skin, gills, lungs Endocrine glands secrete hormones to regulate body processes Body temperature- warmer body temperature, greater metabolic rate a.Cold-blooded (exothermic) varies according to temperature of surrounding environment b.Warm-blooded (endothermic) remains constant in spite of surrounding environment

8. Vertebrate Characteristics Cont. Larger, more specialized muscles (more speed, dexterity, agility, strength) Different patterns of egg development (food supply for developing young) Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous Portuguese shark

9. Vertebrate Characteristics Cont. More efficient heart for pumping blood, increase in number of chambers, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Fish (2), amphibians (3), reptiles (3 ½ or 3), birds & mammals (4) Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop Circulatory System FISHESMOST REPTILESCROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS

10. Vertebrate Characteristics Cont. Larger cerebrum (brain)- behavior is more complex Inborn: inherited (instincts, reflexes) Learned: acquired (memory, intelligence, skills, problem solving)

11. VERTEBRATE TRENDS 1.REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE - FROM EXOTHERMIC (FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES) TO ENDOTHERMIC (BIRDS, MAMMALS). - THREE FACTORS INVOLVED: A) SOURCE OF HEAT FOR THE BODY; BEHAVIOR (FROM ENVIRONMENT) & METABOLIC ACTIVITY B) WAY TO CONSERVE BODY HEAT: FAT, FEATHERS, AND HIBERNATION C) ELIMINATES EXCESS HEAT WHEN NECESSARY: SHADE, MUD, WATER, ESTIVAYTION, SWEATING, PANTING 2. FEEDING - KINDS OF TEETH & JAWS - CROPS, GIZZARDS, STOMACHS. EXTRA PARTS: LIVER, PANCREAS, GALL BLADDER - INTESTINE LENGTH RELATED TO KIND OF DIET – LONGER IN HERBIVORES - CELLULOSE DIGESTION  FERMENTERS, HERBIVORES

12. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 2. FEEDING - KINDS OF TEETH & JAWS - CROPS, GIZZARDS, STOMACHS. EXTRA PARTS: LIVER, PANCREAS, GALL BLADDER - INTESTINE LENGTH RELATED TO KIND OF DIET – LONGER IN HERBIVORES - CELLULOSE DIGESTION  FERMENTERS, HERBIVORES

13. Section 33-3 Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum SharkSalamanderLizardPigeonCow Overview of Digestive Systems of Vertebrates

14. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 3. GAS EXCHANGE - GILLS  FISH, YOUNG AMPHIBIANS - LUNGS  ADULT AMPHIBIANS (WITH MUCOUS-COATED SKIN!), REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS BIRDS HAVE THE MOST EFFICIENT SYSTEM (FRESH AIR FLOWS IN ONE DIRECTION, NO MIXING OF NEW/USED AIR)

15. Section 33-3 SalamanderLizardPigeonPrimate Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Overview of Vertebrate Lungs

16. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 4. NERVOUS/RESPONSE - INCREASED CEPHALIZATION  BRAIN INCREASES IN SIZE - SIZE & COMPLEXITY OF CEREBRUM (SENSORY INFORMATION & INSIGHT) & CEREBELLUM (BALANCE & COORDINATION) INCREASES - FISH HAVE LATERAL LINE TO DETECT VIBRATIONS & PRESSURE CHANGES

17. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 5. CIRCULATION/TRANSPORT - SINGLE LOOP  (FISH) HEART, GILLS, BODY - DOUBLE LOOP  (ALL OTHER VERTEBRATES) HEART, LUNGS, HEART, BODY, HEART… - HEART DEVELOPS CHAMBERS & VALVES THAT PERMIT ONE-WAY FLOW OF BLOOD WITH NO MIXING OF OXYGEN RICH & OXYGEN POOR BLOOD - NUMBER OF CHAMBERS INCREASE AS ENDOTHERMY INCREASES: - FISH (2) AMPHIBIANS (3) REPTILES (3½ -4) BIRDS & MAMMALS (4)

18. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 6. EXCRETION (RESPONSIBLE FOR WATER LOSS!) - REMOVAL OF NITROGEN WASTES FROM BLOOD - REGULATIONS OF AMOUNT OF BODY WATER: FISH (GILLS), ALL OTHERS (KIDNEYS-REABSORB USEFUL SELECTIVE SUBSTANCES) - NEPHRONS ARE THE STRUCTURAL UNITS OF THE KIDNEY (NUMEROUS!) - NITROGEN CONTAINING WASTES: AMMONIA – HIGHLY TOXIC, REQUIRES THE MOST WATER (FISH) - UREA- AMPHIBIANS, MAMMALS; STORED IN URINARY BLADDER; REQUIRES LITTLE WATER - URIC ACID- BIRDS (FLIGHT) & REPTILES (HOT AREAS) ; REQUIRES NO WATER *FORM OF NITROGEN WASTE BASED ON ENVIRONMENT

19. VERTEBRATE TRENDS CONT. 7. REPRODUCTION - MOST VERTEBRATES REPRODUCE SEXUALLY. - TREND FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL FERTILIZATION; EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT; MANY EGGS TO FEWER EGGS AND NO PARENTAL CARE TO MUCH PARENTAL CARE. - 3 PATTERNS OF EGG DEVELOPMENT: a. OVIPAROUS: EGG OUTSIDE FEMALE, FOOD FROM YOLK  MONOTREMES, BIRDS, MOST FISH, REPTILES, & AMPHIBIANS b. OVOVIVIPAROUS : EGG INSIDE FEMALE, FOOD FROM YOLK  MANY SNAKES, SOME FISH, SOME SHARKS c. VIVIPAROUS: EGG INSIDE FEMALE, FOOD FROM MOTHER  MOST MAMMALS, SOME SHARKS

20. FISH – (ICHTHYOLOGY) CLASS AGNATHA (JAWLESS FISH) LAMPREY HAGFISH

21. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGINOUS FISH) SHARKS, SKATES, RAYS *only chondrichthyes & marine invertebrates are ISOTONIC with their marine environment

22. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH) PERCH, TUNA, BASS, TROUT…

23. FISH CHARACTERISTICS 1.SCALES- 2 KINDS (CATFISH HAVE NONE) a) PLACOID (TOOTHLIKE) OR b) CYCLOID (OVERLAPPING), MUCUS, CHROMOATOPHORES, COUNTERSHADING 2. BONY FISH HAVE SWIM (AIR) BLADDER- ENABLES FISH TO REMAIN BUOYANT IN WATER, NO SWIM BLADDER 3.SHARKS HAVE FINS SUPPORTED BY CARTILAGE; - ONLY BONY FISH THAT DO NOT HAVE RAY FINS ARE THE LUNGFISHES & COELANTHS- THEY HAVE FLESHY LIMB-LIKE FINS (CAN PROVIDE SPPORT & CAN WALK ON BOTTOM) FINS OF RAYS OR SPINES 4.SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN ON SIDES OF BODY CALLED LATERAL LINES ON SIDE OF BODY- SENSITIVE TO PRESSURE CHANGES & VIBRATIONS IN H 2 O; “WHISKERS” ON CATFISH DO TOO.

24. FISH CHARACTERISTICS CONT. 5.BONY FISH HAVE ONLY 1 GILL OPENING COVERED BY THE OPERCULUM (4 PR. OF GILLS INSIDE); SHARKS HAVE SEPARATE OPENINGS/SLITS FOR EACH GILL 6.REPRODUCTION – EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION & DEVELOPMENT IN MOST FISH. MALES RELEASE SPERM (MILT) & FEMALES RELEASE EGGS (SPAWN) AT NEARLY SAME TIME! 7.DEVELOPMENT OF EGG – OVIPAROUS, OVOVIVIPAROUS, OR VIVIPAROUS 8.TWO-CHAMBERED HEART & COLD BLOODED – ALL!! *FIRST ANIMALS TO EVOLVE KIDNEYS – FRESHWATER FISH

25. Section 30-2 Bulbus Arteriosus Ventricle AtriumSinus Venosus Body muscle circulation Digestive system circulation Gills Heart Brain and head circulation Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Circulation in a Fish – SINGLE LOOP CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Oxygen-poor blood from the veins collects in the sinus venosus. Blood enters the atrium and flows to the ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus. The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills.

26. COUNTERCURRENT FLOW MECHANISM: MECH. FOR TRANSFER OF O 2 FROM H 2 O TO GILLS. CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ENHANCES DIFFUSION.

27. The blood in the capillaries flow in the opposite direction to the flow of water. This is called countercurrent system. This ensures maximum intake of oxygen (80%) by the blood. This is because the blood in the capillaries always encounter water that has greater concentration of oxygen. This creates a concentration gradient for a longer time so that oxygen can diffuse easily into the blood vessel from water.

29. Section 30-2 Muscle Kidney Vertebra Stomach Pyloric cecum Swim bladder Esophagus Spinal cord Gills Brain Urinary bladder Anus Reproductive organ Intestine Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Heart Operculum Mouth The Anatomy of a Fish

30. CLASS AMPHIBIA “DOUBLE LIFE”  BOTH H 2 O & LAND 1.SKIN USUALLY THIN & MOIST (GAS EXCHANGE!) 2.EARLIEST TETRAPODS (4 FOOTED) LAND VERTEBRATES! 3.FEET USUALLY WEBBED; CLAWLESS TOES 4.3-CHAMBERED HEART; COLD BLOODED 5.RESP. BY GILLS, MOIST THIN SKIN, AND LUNGS 6.HAVE NICTITATING MEMBRANE- 3 RD LAYER COVERING EYE (IN ADDITION TO EYELID) 7.OVIPAROUS, OVOVIVIPAROUS, OR VIVIPAROUS 8.TEMP/MOISTURE PROTECTION – HIBERNATION IN THE WINTER & ESTIVATION- WHEN HOT & DRY

31. Red eyed tree frog resting seemingly with its eyes closed, as it watches through its third eyelid, a transparent membrane also called the nictitating membrane. Isolated on white

32. Amphibians  3-Chambered Heart

33. that allow for are that providethat allow are and have special adaptations such as larvæ they live inadults they live on Section 30-3 means as AMPHIBIANS Efficient movement Breathing air Support and protection BonesLungsRibs Amphibians WaterLand “Double life”

34. Section 30-3 Adult Frog Young Frog Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. The Life Cycle of a Frog

35. CLASS REPTILIA (HERPETOLOGY) “CREEPING ANIMALS” (Shelled eggs allowed for life on land- leathery and flexible!!!)

36. REPTILE CHARACTERISTICS 1.BODY COVERED WITH THICK, DRY SCALES (LIFE ON LAND!) - 1 ST GROUP OF VERTEBRATES HAVING SKIN ADAPTED FOR LIFE ON LAND! - SHEDDING (MOLTING OCCURS IN SOME- MODS OF SCALES- SCUTES (SNAKES) BOTTOM SCALES THICKER; CARAPACE (TURTLES) UPPER SHELL FUSED TO VERTEBRAE; AND PLASTRON (TURTLES) LOWER SHELL 2. LIMBS, IF PRESENT, HAVE CLAWS OR TOES (LIZARD), PADDLE LIKE FOR SWIMMING (TURTLES), OR ABSENT (SNAKE). 3. MOST HAVE A 3½ CHAMBER HEART (ONE VENTRICLE INCOMPLETE SEPTUM) 4. RESPIRATION BY LUNGS ONLY; EXOTHERMIC

37. REPTILE CHARS CONT. 5. REPRODUCTION– INTERNAL FERTILIZATION; EGG DEV MAY BE OVIPAROUS (TURTLES & SNAKES) OR OVOVIVIPAROUS (SOME SNAKES & LIZARDS); MOST HAVE EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT; SOME HAVE PARENTAL CARE (ALLIGATORS, SOME SNAKES) 6.SENSORY ORGANS– NO MOVEABLE EYELID, HAVE PROTECTIVE COVERING OVER EYE; - GOOD SENSE OF SMELL- USE TONGUE TO SENSE AIR AND SIGNAL JACOBSON’S ORGAN (IN ROOF OF SNAKE MOUTH) TO SENSE CHEM. SIGNALS IN AIR - HEAT SENSORS IN SKIN (PITS) CAN DETECT WARM BLOODED ORGANISMS (PREY!!) - “THIRD EYE” (PINEAL GLAND) OF TUATARAS IS LIGHT SENSITIVE ORGAN

38. Section 31-1 Allantois Embryo Shell Amnion Chorion Yolk sac The Amniotic Egg The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen from the surface of the egg to the embryo and the transport of carbon dioxide, one product of respiration, in the opposite direction. This baglike structure contains a yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo. It produces a protected, watery environment. The allantois stores the waste produced by the embryo. It also serves as a respiratory organ. 7.PRODUCE AMNIOTIC EGGS – KEY ADAPTATION FOR LIFE ON LAND (EMBRYO SURROUNDED BY MEMBRANES AND A SHELL). - SHELL (PROTECTION & PREVENTION OF H 2 O LOSS ) AMNION (SURROUNDS EMBRYO, FILLED W/ FLUID) YOLK (FOOD SUPPLY) ALLANTOIS (COLLECTS DIGESTIVE WASTES) CHORION (JUST UNDER SHELL – PROTECTION)

39. Section 31-1 To body To lungs From body From lungs Right atrium Left atrium Incomplete division Ventricle Kidney Liver Heart Lung Digestive tract Bladder Cloaca The Structure of a Turtle’s Heart

41. CLASS AVES (ORNITHOLOGY) FEATHERS! (evolved from reptiles

43. Section 31-2 which arethat alsothat powerthat providethat ensure have the following adaptations to flight BIRDS Birds Homologous to front limbs in other vertebrates Provide warmth Upward and downward wing strokes One-way flow of O 2 -rich air O 2 distribution to body tissues WingsFeathers Strong chest muscles Efficient respiratory system Efficient circulatory system

44. 1.SKIN COVERED WITH FEATHERS. 2.2 PRS. OF LIMBS – ANTERIOR PAIR=WINGS; POSTERIOR PAIR = FEET (PERCHING, WALKING, SWIMMING); FEET USUALLY HAVE 4 TOES 3.SKELETON – BONES ARE HOLLOW(AIR SPACES); HAVE LARGE STERNUM (BREASTBONE) FOR WING MUSCLES. 4.WARM BLOODED; 4 CHAMBERED HEART BIRD CHARACTERISTICS

45. 5. HIGHLY DEVELOPED SENSE OF “VOICE” (SYRINX) “SONG BOX”, HEARING, SIGHT, BALANCE, & COORDINATION 6. HIGH METABOLIC RATE – USE A LOT OF ENERGY, EAT A LOT. 7.NO URINARY BLADDER (NO LIQUID WASTE – SEMI SOLID) 8. NO TEETH – HAVE GIZZARD FOR GRINDING FOOD; MODIFICATIONS OF BEAK STRUCTURE ENABLE BIRDS TO HAVE VARIED DIETS. 9.FEATHERS – CONTOUR (COVER BODY & WINGS); NEED CARE (PREENING); HAVE COLORS (PLUMAGE); DOWN FEATHERS (CLOSE TO SKIN, FLUFFY, INSULATION); OIL GLAND AT BASE OF TAIL USED FOR PREENING (SMOOTHING & WATERPROOFING).

46. BIRD CHARS CONT. 10.USE OF ENERGY REQUIRES MUCH OXYGEN. LUNGS HAVE EXTENSIONS CALLED AIR SACS THAT EXTEND INTO BODY SPACES & INTO HOLLOW BONES. AIR SACS INCREASE SURFACE AREA, AND ALLOW. ONE WAY AIR FLOW! MOST EFFICIENT TERRESTRIAL RESP. SYSTEM!! AVIAN TWO-CYCLE PUMP

47. Birds 2-Cycle Process 8 or 9 extensions of the lungs (air sacs) act as bellows that temporarily store air and then contract to force air through the system. This moves fresh air through the lungs when birds are inhaling, and also when they're exhaling. - On inhalation, both sets of air sacs inflate. Inhaled air flows down the trachea, bypasses the lungs, and fills up the posterior air sacs (b). At the same time, the anterior air sacs fill with stale air from the lungs (d). - On exhalation, both sets of air sacs deflate, forcing fresh air from the posterior sacs into the lungs (c), and stale air from the anterior sacs out through the trachea (e). Air takes two cycles of inhalation and exhalation to pass through the system and out of the bird.

48. AVIAN AIR FLOW TRACHEA (INHALATION) POSTERIOR AIR SACSLUNG *O 2 ABSORBED(1/2) EXHALEANTERIOR AIR SACS LUNG *O 2 ABSORBED EXHALE TRACHEA (OUT)

49. BIRD CHARS CONT. 11. AMNIOTIC EGG COVERED WITH LIME SHELL; INTERNAL FERTILIZATION & EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT (OVIPAROUS); SOME YOUNG ARE HELPLESS AT BIRTH, OTHERS CAN CARE FOR SELVES

50. CLASS MAMMALIA (evolved from reptiles- earlier in history than birds)

51. MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.Skin covered with hair or fur with layer of fat underneath; may contain glands- sweat, tear, scent, sebaceous (oil), and mammary 2.All are endothermic- generate their own body heat by metabolism; must conserve heat of environment (harsh), yet must remove excess heat at other times 3.Some are oviparous (platypus, spiny anteater); most are viviparous- nourished by mother before birth (placenta) and after birth (mammary glands)

52. MAMMAL CHARS CONT. 4. Lung breathers- have a diaphragm- a muscular sheet separating the thorax and abdomen that is used for breathing along with rib muscles

53. MAMMAL CHARS CONT. 5. Four chambered heart- 2 loops- one goes to and from the lungs while the other goes to and from the body- more efficient- no mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood- RBCs w/o nuclei

54. MAMMAL CHARS CONT. 6. Moveable tongues& eyelids, and external fleshy ears 7. Teeth vary- canines, incisors, and molars, for heterotrophic nutrition/ carnivores, herbivores, omnivores (scavengers, predators, vampires, ruminants, and filter feeders) 8. 2 pair of limbs- adapted for running, swimming, flying, grasping, climbing, walking, digging, burrowing- each foot has 5 toes w/ claws, nails, hooves, or fleshy pads Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing. In herbivores, they are reduced or absent. Chisel-like incisors are used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming. Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad, flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.

55. MAMMAL CHARS CONT. 9. Well developed kidneys that regulate the composition of body fluids- remove urea, remove or retain water, salts, and sugars- have urinary bladders w/ fluid excretion (urine) 10. Highly developed brain- cerebrum (learning and memory), cerebellum (coordination & balance) and medulla (internal regulation) 11. Usually 7 vertebrae in neck, 3 bones in ear 12. Testes usually external, fertilization internal- females have repro cycles (estrus/ menstrual) and gestation periods (pregnancy), internal development- parents usually care for young until adulthood 13.3 subclasses (based on method repro)- monotremes, marsupials, placentals

56. MONOTREMES EXTERNAL AMNIOTE EGGS WITH SHELLS NO VAGINA OR UTERUS NO NIPPLES – GLANDS OPEN ONTO SKIN ADULTS HAVE BILLS (NOT LIPS) EX. PLATYPUS SPINY ANTEATER (ECHIDNA )

57. MARSUPIALS VENTRAL ABDOMINAL POUCH YOUNG BORN UNDEVELOPED – MUST COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT IN POUCH NIPPLES INSIDE POUCH DOUBLE UTERUS & TWO VAGINA – SEPARATE OPENINGS

58. PLACENTALS SEPARATE URINARY & VAGINAL OPENINGS FLUIDS FROM TESTES & BLADDER REACH OUTSIDE THROUGH COMMON OPENING AT TIP OF PENIS DOUBLE OR SINGLE UTERUS, BUT ALWAYS SINGLE VAGINA FETUS ATTACHED TO & NOURISHED BY PLACENTA DURING DEVELOPMENT PLACENTA IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MOTHER & EMBRYO. IT IS FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC & UTERINE TISSUE.

60. Section 33-1 Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Cladogram of Chordates

61. Diversity of Chordates

62. Section 33-2 Environmental Temperature (°C) Body Temperature (°C) Temperature Control in Chordates

63. Section 33-3 Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop Circulatory System FISHESMOST REPTILESCROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS Overview of The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates

64. Comparing Functions of Chordates Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Section 33-3 Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Non- vertebrate Chordates Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Non- vertebrate Chordates Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Gills/air sacs Single loop; 2 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Gills/air sacs Single loop; 2 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Simple lungs and skin Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Simple lungs and skin Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Lungs (alveoli) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Lungs (alveoli) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum FunctionFishesAmphibians (adult) Reptiles Birds Mammals

65. Comparing Functions of Chordates Movement Reproduction Temperature Control Movement Reproduction Temperature Control Section 33-3 Muscles, no bones External fertilization Ectothermic Muscles, no bones External fertilization Ectothermic Muscles on either side of backbone External fertilization Ectothermic Muscles on either side of backbone External fertilization Ectothermic Amphibians (adult) Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments External fertilization Ectothermic Amphibians (adult) Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments External fertilization Ectothermic Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Ectothermic Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Ectothermic Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Endothermic Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Endothermic 2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization and development Endothermic 2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization and development Endothermic FunctionNon- vertebrate Chordates FishesAmphibians (adult) Reptiles Birds Mammals

66. Orders of Placental Mammals Order Insectivores Sirenians Cetaceans Chiropterans Rodents Order Insectivores Sirenians Cetaceans Chiropterans Rodents Section 32-2 Characteristics Examples Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws Water-dwelling, slow-moving Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe Winged, capable of true flight Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws Shrews, hedgehogs, moles Manatees, dugongs Whales, dolphins Bats Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas

67. Orders of Placental Mammals Order Perissodactyls Carnivores Artiodactyls Proboscideans Order Perissodactyls Carnivores Artiodactyls Proboscideans Characteristics Examples Section 32-2 Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot Sharp teeth and claws Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot Trunks Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths

68. Orders of Placental Mammals Order Lagomorphs Xenarthrans Primates Order Lagomorphs Xenarthrans Primates Characteristics Examples Section 32-2 Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw) Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors Snowshoe hares, rabbits Sloths, anteaters, armadillos Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans