1. Complexity Classes Karl Lieberherr

2. Source From http://people.cs.umass.edu/~immerman/desc riptive_complexity.html

3. coNP=SO ANP=SO E Polynomial-time Hierarchy SO NP intersect coNP P complete

4. Existential second-order logic 3-colorability can be expressed quite informally as: ∃ a coloring (“the coloring is a 3-coloring of the graph”) A little more formally as: ∃ R ∃ G ∃ B (“Every point is in exactly one of the sets R, G, or B, and no two points that are connected by an edge are both in R, or both in G, or both in B”) This formula can be expressed formally in existential second- order logic ( ∃ SO) So 3-colorability can be expressed in ∃ SO.

5. Capturing NP with logic Fagin’s Theorem (1974): NP = ∃ SO Example: 3-colorability Surprising, since characterizing a complexity class in terms of logic, where there is no notion of machine, computation, polynomial, or time.

6. NP and coNP NP is the set of languages that have short proofs. coNP is the set of languages that have short refutations. Note that coNP is not the complement of NP. NP intersect coNP is non-empty.

7. Problems believed to be in NP intersect coNP but not in P Graph Isomorphism several others