1. The Skeletal System

2. Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Support – provides a framework for softer tissues and organs of the body to attach 2. Protection – encloses and protects vital organs; sites for blood cell production 3. Movement – bones act as levers when attached muscles contract, causing movement about joints 4. Hemopoiesis – red bone marrow of an adult produces red and white blood cells and platelets 5. Mineral and Energy Storage – matrix of bone is composed of calcium and phosphorus, which can be withdrawn in small amounts to be used elsewhere in the body; small amounts of magnesium & sodium also stored; yellow bone marrow stores energy (adipose)

3. Categorization of Bones Long bones: longer than wide Found in appendages Short bones: more or less cubical Found in confined spaces Flat bones: Protection Found: bones of the skull, ribs Irregular bones: odd shapes Found: vertebrae, certain skull bones

4. Structure of a Long Bone Diaphysis: shaft Epiphysis: ends; consist of spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) surrounded by compact bone Medullary cavity: in the diaphysis, contains fatty yellow bone marrow Endosteum: thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity Periosteum: covering made of dense connective tissue where tendons and muscles attach

5. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Includes: Cranium Rib cage Vertebral column

6. Bones of the Cranium

7. Frontal View

8. Frontal Frontal View

9. Parietal Frontal View

10. Temporal Frontal View

11. Nasal Frontal View

12. Vomer Frontal View

13. Zygoma Frontal View

14. Maxilla Frontal View

15. Mandible Frontal View

16. Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygoma Nasal Vomer Maxilla Mandible Frontal View

17. Lateral View

18. Frontal Lateral View

19. Parietal Lateral View

20. Temporal Lateral View

21. Nasal Lateral View

22. Zygoma Lateral View

23. Maxilla Lateral View

24. Mandible Lateral View

25. Sphenoid Lateral View

26. Occipital Lateral View

27. Mastoid Process Lateral View

28. External Auditory Meatus Lateral View

29. Frontal Nasal Zygoma Maxilla Mandible Parietal Sphenoid Temporal Occipital External Auditory Meatus Mastoid Process Lateral View

30. Sutures

31. Sagittal Sutures

32. Frontal (Coronal) Sutures

33. Squamous Sutures

34. Lambdoid Sutures

35. Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Squamous Lambdoid Sutures

36. Bones of the Rib Cage

37. Rib Cage Sternum (aka breastbone) Covers the heart, ribs attach to it 12 Pairs of Ribs 1 – 7: true ribs – cartilage joins the sternum 8 – 12 false ribs – do not connect to sternum Pairs 8, 9, & 10 join to cartilage of rib above it and indirectly to the sternum Pairs 11 & 12 are floating ribs – they do not connect to the sternum in any way

38. Bones of the Vertebral Column

39. Composed of 33 vertebra 7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 4-5 fused sacral 4-5 fused coccyx

40. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Includes: Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper & lower extremities

42. Clavicle

43. Scapula

44. Humerus

45. Ulna

46. Radius

47. Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius

49. Ilium

50. Ischium

51. Pubis

52. Femur

53. Patella

54. Tibia

55. Fibula

56. Ilium Ischium Femur Fibula Pubis Patella Tibia

58. Bones of the Hand

59. Carpels Bones of the Hand

60. Metacarpels Carpels Bones of the Hand

61. Phalanges (14) Metacarpels (5) Carpels (8) Bones of the Hand

62. Bones of the Foot

63. Tarsals

64. Bones of the Foot Metatarsals Tarsals

65. Bones of the Foot Phalanges (14) Metatarsals (5) Tarsals (7)

66. Joints and Fractures

67. Joints Points of contact between 2 bones – classified according to movement: SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball- shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips. HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers. PIVOT JOINT – those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis. GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine. SADDLE JOINT – one bone is shaped like a saddle, while the other bone rests on it like a rider on a horse. Base of thumb SUTURE – immovable joint. Between bones of skull.

68. Fractures FRACTURE – a break Treated by: CLOSED REDUCTION – cast or splint applied OPEN REDUCTION – surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment (internal fixation) TRACTION – pulling force used to hold the bones in place – used for fractures of long bones Types: CLOSED or SIMPLE fracture – bone broken, broken ends do not break the skin OPEN or COMPOUND – broken bones pierce the skin, can lead to infection GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates COMMINUTED – splintered or broken into many pieces SPIRAL – bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks DISLOCATION – bone displaced from proper position in joint