1. Chapter 1 Measurement

2. We measure things (such as weight, time, length, speed, etc.) We use tools (rulers, clocks, speedometers, etc.) to measure things Measurement tools are calibrated Calibration is in units (inches, seconds, pounds, mph’s, etc.) Units require standards (conventional, habitual, customary)

3. Modern standards Not all quantities in nature are independent (e.g., speed is distance per time) Standards are created for independent (base) quantities: length, time, mass, + some other Modern day standards should be as invariable as possible Should be uniformly defined Should be accessible

4. SI (Systéme Internacional) – most accepted international system of units Adopted in 1971 Is commonly known as metric system Standard units are (there are more): 1 m (meter) for length 1 s (second) for time 1 kg (kilogram) for mass All other SI units are defined as derivatives of the base units (e.g., energy: 1 J (Joule) = 1 kg x 1 m 2 / s 2 )

5. Length SI unit – m (meter) Initially adopted as one ten-millionth of a distance between the North pole and the equator (standard – platinum-iridium bar) Currently - a modern standard: 1 m = the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second

6. Time SI unit – s (second) Historically 1 s = 1 / 8640 day Currently - a modern standard: 1 s = the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cs 133 atom

7. Time SI unit – s (second) Historically 1 s = 1 / 8640 day Currently - a modern standard: 1 s = the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cs 133 atom

8. Mass SI unit – kg (kilogram) Historically 1 kg – mass of 1 liter of water Initially adopted in prototype of the kilogram was made of platinum-iridium and declared: “This prototype shall henceforth be considered to be the unit of mass” Currently - an alternative modern standard: 1 kg = mass of C 12 atom * 10 26 / 1.99264824 (Don’t confuse mass and weight: 1 kg is the same on the Earth and on the Moon)

9. Scientific notation 237 000 000 s = = 2.37 x 10 8 s = = 2.37 E8 s 0.0000664 m = = 6.64 x 10 -5 m = = 6.64 E-5 m

10. SI system prefixes FactorName Symbol 10 24 yottaY 10 21 zettaZ 10 18 exaE 10 15 petaP 10 12 teraT 10 9 gigaG 10 6 megaM 10 3 kilok 10 2 hectoh 10 1 dekada FactorName Symbol 10 -1 decid 10 -2 centic 10 -3 millim 10 -6 microµ 10 -9 nanon 10 -12 picop 10 -15 femtof 10 -18 attoa 10 -21 zeptoz 10 -24 yoctoy Examples: 1.25E4 J = 12.5 kJ 2.34 x 10 -10 s = 0.234 ns

11. Good SI web resource: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/

12. Conversion of units Need to know a conversion factor Use chain-link conversion (Check Appendix D for SI conversion factors)