1. Wireless Sensor networks survey and research challenges presented by dr.p.gnanasundari hod/ece snsce,coimbatore

2. SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
C:\Users\CIVIL BALU\Desktop\What is Sensor Technology.mp4
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

3. What are Sensors?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition
A device which provides a usable output in response to a specified measurand
A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)
A transducer
Microphone, Loud Speaker, Biological Senses (e.g. touch, sight,…etc.,)
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

4. Need for Sensors
They embedded in our bodies, automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones, radios, chemical plants, industrial plants and countless other applications.
Without the use of sensors, there would be no automation !!
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

5. What is the difference
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

6. Smart city Smart Home/Smart Office Industrial&Commercial
Traffic Management and Monitoring
Structural Health care
Agriculture
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

7. Temperature Sensor Bimetallic Strip Application
Thermostat (makes or breaks electrical connection with deflection)
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

8. Temperature Sensor Resistance temperature device.
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

9. Accelerometer
Accelerometers are used to measure along one axis and is insensitive to orthogonal directions
Applications
Vibrations, blasts, impacts, shock waves
Air bags, washing machines, heart monitors, car alarms
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

10. Light Sensor
Light sensors are used in cameras, infrared detectors, and ambient lighting applications
Sensor is composed of photoconductor such as a photoresistor, photodiode, or phototransistor
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

11. Magnetic Field Sensor
Magnetic Field sensors are used for power steering, security, and current measurements on transmission lines
Hall voltage is proportional to magnetic field
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

12. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used for position measurements
Sound waves emitted are in the range of 2-13 MHz
Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR)
Radio Dection And Ranging (RADAR) – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES !!
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

13. Photogate
Photogates are used in counting applications (e.g. finding period of period motion)
Infrared transmitter and receiver at opposite ends of the sensor
Time at which light is broken is recorded
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

14. CO2 Gas Sensor
CO2 sensor measures gaseous CO2 levels in an environment
Measures CO2 levels in the range of ppm
Monitors how much infrared radiation is absorbed by CO2 molecules
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

15. Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

16. An accelerometer is an electromechanical device used to measure acceleration forces. Such forces may be static, like the continuous force of gravity or, as is the case with many mobile devices, dynamic to sense movement or vibrations. Acceleration is the measurement of the change in velocity, or speed divided by time.
A proximity sensor is able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
Magnetometers are measurement instruments used for two general purposes: to measure the magnetization of a magnetic material like a ferromagnetic, or to measure the strength and, in some cases, the direction of the magnetic field at a point in space
A barometer is a passive sensor (rather than an “active” sensor, like GPS). An app could alert you to your altitude when you approach certain thresholds — without sucking down your battery like GPS does. 
Photo Sensors convert light energy (photons) into electricity (electroThe Light Sensor is a passive devices that convert this “light energy” whether visible or in the infra-red parts of the spectrum into an electrical signal sensors are more commonly known as “Photoelectric Devices” or “PhotoS ensors”  because ns).
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN

17. Outlines Introduction WSANs WSN Structures WSN Constraints
Definition
Communication Architecture
Protocol stack
WSN Characteristics
WSN Design factors
WSANs
WSN Structures
WSN Constraints
WSN Applications
WSN types
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

18. Outlines (cont.) Task classification Conclusion Internal sensor system
Standard
Storage
Testbed
Diagnostic and debugging support
Network services
Localization
Synchronization
Coverage
Compression and aggregation
Security
Communication protocol
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Cross-layer
Conclusion
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

19. Introduction WSN Definition
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed inside or very close to the phenomenon
random deployment
self-organizing capabilities
The Self Organizing Network (SON) introduced as part of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) .
It aims at reducing the cost of installation and management by simplifying operational tasks through automated mechanisms such as self-configuration and self-optimization.
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

20. son Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

21. Introduction WSN communication Architecture
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

22. Introduction Components of Sensor Node
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

23. Introduction Protocol Stack
Protocols should be
Power aware
Location aware
Application aware
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

24. Introduction WSN Characteristics
Major differences between sensor and ad- hoc network
Number of nodes is higher
Densely deployment
Sensor nodes are prone to failure.
Frequent topology changes
Broadcast communication paradigm
Limited processing and power capabilities.
Possible absence of unique global ID
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

25. Introduction WSN Design Factors
Fault Tolerance-property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components.
Scalability-is the capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged in order to accommodate that growth.
Production Costs
Hardware Constraints
Sensor Network Topology-
Environment
Transmission Media
Power Consumption
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

26. WSN Design Factors Fault Tolerance
Each Nodes are prone to unexpected failure (more than other network)
Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures.
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

27. WSN Design Factors Scalability
Size: Number of node (100 ~1000)
Protocol should
be able to scale to such high degree
take advantage of the high density of such networks
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

28. WSN Design Factors Production Costs
The cost of a single node must be low given the amount of functionalities
Much less than $1
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

29. WSN Design Factors Hardware Constraints
All these units combined together must
Extremely low power
Extremely small volume
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

30. WSN Design Factors Topology
Must be maintained specially in very high densities
Pre-deployment and deployment phase
Post-deployment phase
Re-deployment of additional nodes phase
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

31. deployment Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

32. WSN Design Factors Environment
May be inaccessible
either because of aggressive environment
or because they are embedded in a structure
Impact of environment condition
Temperature
Humidity
Movement
Underwater
Underground
[1]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

33. WSN Design Factors Environment
Busy intersections
Interior of a large machinery
Bottom of an ocean
Surface of an ocean during a cyclone
Biologically or chemically contaminated field
Battlefield beyond the enemy lines
Home or a large building
Large warehouse
Animals
Fast moving vehicles
Drain or river moving with current
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

34. WSN Design Factors Transmission MediaRF
Infrared
Optical
Acoustic
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

35. WSN Design Factors Power Consumption
Power conservation
Sensing
Communication
Data processing
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

36. Some Research Projects[
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

37. wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs)
WSAN Capabilities
Observing the physical world
Processing the data
Making decisions
Performing appropriate actions
WSAN applications:
battlefield surveillance
microclimate control in buildings
nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection
Home automation
environmental monitoring
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

38. WSANs unique characteristics
Real-time requirement
Coordination:
Sensor-Actor Coordination
Actor-Actor Coordination
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

39. WSN structure A WSN typically has little or no infrastructure
There are two types of WSNs
Structured model
Unstructured model
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

40. Unstructured model Densely deployed (many node) Randomly Deployed
Can have uncovered regions
Left unattended to perform the task
Maintenance is difficult
managing connectivity
detecting failures
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

41. Structured model Deployed in a pre-planned manner Fewer nodes
Lower network maintenance
Lower cost
No uncovered regions
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

42. WSN constraints Resource constraints Design constraints limited energy
short communication range
low bandwidth
limited processing
limited storage
Design constraints
application dependent
environment dependent
size of the network / number of node
deployment scheme
network topology (obstacle)
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

43. Available sensors in the market
Generic nodes (take measurements)
Light, Temperature, Humidity, barometric pressure, velocity, Acceleration, Acoustics, magnetic field
Gateway (bridge) node
gather data from generic sensors and relay them to the base station
higher processing capability
higher battery power
higher transmission (radio) range
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

44. Types of sensor network
Depending on the environment
terrestrial WSN
Ad Hoc (unstructured)
Preplanned (structured)
underground WSN
Preplanned
more expensive equipment, deployment, maintenance
underwater WSN
fewer sensor nodes( sparse deployment)
more expensive than terrestrial
acoustic wave communication
Limited bandwidth
long propagation delay
signal fading
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

45. Types of sensor network (cont.)
Depending on the environment
multi-media WSN
sensor nodes equipped with cameras and microphones
pre-planned to guarantee coverage
High bandwidth/low energy, QoS, filtering, data processing and compressing techniques
mobile WSN
ability to reposition and organize itself in the network
Start with Initial deployment and spread out to gather information
deployment, localization, self-organization, navigation and control, coverage, energy, maintenance, data process
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

46. WSN applications
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

47. WSN applications (Open research issues)
application-specific characteristics and requirements of
environmental monitoring
health monitoring
industrial monitoring
Military tracking
Coupled with today’s technology
Lead to different hardware platforms and software development
more experimental work is necessary to make these applications more reliable and robust in the real world
Applying sensor technology to industrial applications will improve business
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

48. Tasks Classification Systems Communication protocols services
Each sensor node is an individual system
Development of new platforms, operating systems, and storage schemes
Communication protocols
Between sensors
In different layer(app, trspt, net, DLink, phy)
services
which are developed
to enhance the application
to improve system performance
and network efficiency
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

49. Internal sensor system
sensor platform
radio components
processors
Storage
sensors (multiple) OS
OS must support these sensor platforms
researches:
Designing platforms that support
automatic management
optimizing network longevity,
distributed programming
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

50. Platform Sample 1 (Bluetooth-based sensor networks)
WSN typically uses single freq (Share channel)
BTnodes use spread-spectrum transmission
A special version of TinyOS is used
Two radio communication
Master (up to 7 connection)
Slave
Note:
Bluetooth is connection oriented
New node enables its slave radio
Topology: connected tree
high throughput, high energy consumption
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

51. Platform Sample 2:VigilNet (Detection-and-classification system)
vehicles
persons
persons carrying ferrous objects
200 sensor nodes with
Magnetometer
motion sensor,
and a microphone
deployed in a preplanned manner
four tiers hierarchical architecture
sensor-level,
node-level,
group-level,
and base-level
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

52. Internal sensor system Standards
IEEE :
standard for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN)
low cost deployment
low complexity
low power consumption
topology :star and peer-to-peer
physical layer: 868/915 MHz ~2.4 GHz
MAC layer: CSMA-CA mechanism
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

53. Internal sensor system Standards
ZigBee
higher layer communication protocols built on the IEEE standards for LR-PANs.
simple, low cost, and low power
embedded applications
can form mesh networks connecting hundreds to thousands of devices together.
types of ZigBee devices:
ZigBee coordinator: stores information, bridge
ZigBee router: link groups of devices
ZigBee end device: sensors, actuators communicate only to routers
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

54. Internal sensor system Standards
IEEE :
physical and MAC layer standard high data rate WPAN.
support real-time multi-media streaming
data rates (11 Mbps to 55 Mbps)
time division multiple access (TDMA) =>QoS
synchronous and asynchronous data transfer
wireless speakers, portable video, wireless connectivity for gaming, cordless phones, printers, and televisions
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

55. Internal sensor system Standards
WirelessHART (released in September 2007)
Process measurement and control applications
based on IEEE
supports channel hopping, and time- synchronized messaging
Security with encryption, verification, authentication and key management
support mesh, star, and combined network topologies
manages the routing and network traffic
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

56. Internal sensor system Standards
ISA100.11a
defines the specifications for the OSI layer, security, and system management
low energy consumption, scalability, infrastructure, robustness
interoperability with other wireless devices
use only 2.4 GHz radio and channel hopping to minimize interference
provides simple, flexible, and scaleable security functionality.
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

57. Internal sensor system Standards
6LoWPAN
IPv6-based Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
over an IEEE based network.
Low power device can communicate directly with IP devices using IPbased protocols
Wibree
designed for low power consumption, short-range communication, and low cost devices
is designed to work with Bluetooth
operates on 2.4 GHz
data rate of 1 Mbps
linking distance is 5–10 m.
was released publicly in October 2006.
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

58. Internal sensor system Storage
problems
storage space is limited
Communication is expensive
Solutions
Aggregation and compression
query-and-collect (selective gathering)
a storage model to satisfy storage constraints and query requirements
GEM: Graph Embedding
provides an infrastructure for routing and data-centric storage
choosing a labeled guest graph
embed the guest graph onto the actual sensor topology
Each node has a label encoded with its position
each data item has a name that can be mapped to a label
TSAR: Two-tier sensor storage architecture
Multi-resolution storage: provides storage and long-term querying of the data for data-intensive applications
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

59. Internal sensor system Testbeds
Provides researchers a way to test their protocols, algorithms, network issues and applications in real world setting
Controlled environment to deploy, configure, run, and monitoring of sensor remotely
Some testbeds:
ORBIT: Open access research testbed for next generation wireless networks
64 nodes, 1 GHZ
MoteLab: web-based WSN testbed
central server handles scheduling, reprogramming and data logging of the nodes
Emulab: remotely accessible mobile and wireless sensor (such as a robot)
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

60. Internal sensor system Diagnostics and debugging support
Measure and monitor the sensor node performance of the overall network
to guarantee the success of the sensor network in the real environment
Sympathy:
is a diagnosis tool for detecting and debugging failures in sensor networks
designed for data-collection applications
detects failures in a system by selecting metrics such as
Connectivity
data flow
node’s neighbor
can identify three types of failures: self, path and sink
Analysis of data packet delivery:
packet delivery performance at the physical and MAC layers
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

61. Internal sensor system Open research issues
optimization of (HW, SW, HW/SW) to make a WSN efficient
more practical platform solution for problems in new applications
data structure
Performance
energy-efficient storage
communication throughput when network size increases
Scalability issues can degrade system performance
Optimizing protocols at different layers
services to handle node before and after failures
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

62. Network services Localization Synchronization Coverage
Compression and aggregation
Security
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

63. Network services Localization
Problem:
determining the node’s location (position)
Solutions:
global positioning system (GPS)
Simple
Expensive
outdoor
beacon (or anchor) nodes
does not scale well in large networks
problems may arise due to environmental conditions
proximity-based
Make use of neighbor nodes to determine their position
then act as beacons for other nodes
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

64. Network services Localization
Other solutions:
Moore’s algorithm:
distributed algorithm for location estimation without the use of GPS or fixed beacon (anchor) nodes
algorithm has three phases:
cluster localization phase
cluster optimization phase
cluster transformation phase
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

65. Network services Localization
Other solutions:
RIPS: Radio Interferometric Positioning System
Two radio transmitters create an interference signal at slightly different frequencies
At least two receivers are needed to measure relative phase of two signal
The relative phase offset is a function of the relative positions
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

66. Network services Localization
Other solutions:
Secure localization:
goal is to prevent malicious beacon nodes from providing false location to sensors
Sensors must only accept information from authenticated beacon nodes
Sensors should be able to request location information at anytime
Upon a location request, information exchange must take place immediately and not at a later time.
SeRloc, Beacon Suite, DRBTS, SPINE, ROPE
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

67. Network services Localization
Other solutions:
MAL: Mobile-assisted localization
Mobile node collects distance information between itself and static sensor nodes for node localization
given a graph with measured distance edges
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

68. Network services Synchronization
Time synchronization is important for
routing
power conservation
Lifetime
Cooperation
Scheduling
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

69. Network services Synchronization
Uncertainty-driven approach
Lucarelli’s algorithm
Reachback firefly algorithm (RFA)
Timing-sync protocol for sensor network (TPSN)
CSMNS
Time synchronization (TSync)
Global synchronization
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

70. Network services Synchronization
Synchronization protocol classification:
application-dependent features approaches
single-hop vs. multi-hop networks
stationary vs. mobile networks
MAC layer-based vs. standard-based
synchronization issues
adjusting their local clocks to a common time scale
master–slave synchronization
peer-to-peer synchronization
clock correction
untethered clocks
internal synchronization,
external synchronization,
Probabilistic synchronization,
deterministic synchronization,
sender to receiver synchronization,
and receiver-to-receiver synchronization.
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

71. Network services Coverage
Is important in evaluating effectiveness
Degree of coverage is application dependent
Impacts on energy conservation
Techniques:
selecting minimal set of active nodes to be awake to maintain coverage
sensor deployment strategies
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

72. Network services Compression and aggregation
Both of them
reduce communication cost
increase reliability of data transfer
Data-compression
compressing data before transmission to base
Decompression occurs at the base station
no information should be lost
data aggregation
data is collected from multiple sensors
combined together to transmit to base station
Is used in cluster base architectures
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

73. Network services Security
Constraints in incorporating security into a WSN
limitations in storage
limitations in communication
limitations in computation
limitations in processing capabilities
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

74. Network services Open research issues
localization
efficient algorithms
minimum energy
minimum cost
minimum localization errors
Coverage: optimizing for better energy conservation
time synchronization: minimizing uncertainty errors over long periods of time and dealing with precision
compression and aggregation: Development of various scheme
event-based data collection
continuous data collection
Secure monitoring: protocols have to monitor, detect, and respond to attacks
It has done for network and data-link layer (can be improved)
Should be done for different layers of the protocol stack
Cross-layer secure monitoring is another research area
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

75. Communication protocol
Transport layer
Network layer
Data-link layer
Physical layer
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

76. Communication protocol Transport layer
Packet loss
may be due to
bad radio communication,
congestion,
packet collision,
memory full,
node failures
Detection and recovering
Improve throughput
Energy expenditure
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

77. Communication protocol Transport layer
Congestion control/packet recovery
hop-by-hop
intermediate cache
more energy efficient (shorter retransmission)
higher reliability
end-to-end
source caches the packet
Variable reliability
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

78. Communication protocol Transport layer
Sensor transmission control protocol (STCP)
Price-oriented reliable transport protocol (PORT)
GARUDA
Delay sensitive transport (DST)
Pump slowly, fetch quickly (PSFQ)
Event-to-sink reliable transport (ESRT)
Congestion detection and avoidance (CODA):
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

79. Communication protocol Transport layer (Open research issues)
cross-layer optimization
selecting better paths for retransmission
getting error reports from the link layer
Fairness
assign packets with priority
frequently-changing topology
Congestion control with active queue management
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

80. Communication protocol Transport layer
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

81. Communication protocol Network layer
Important:
energy efficiency
traffic flows
Routing protocols
location-based: considers node location to route data
cluster-based: employs cluster heads to do data aggregation and relay to base station
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

82. Communication protocol Network layer (Open research issues)
Future research issues should address
Security
Experimental studies regarding security applied to different routing protocols in WSNs should be examined
QoS
guarantees end-to-end delay and energy efficient routing
node mobility
handle frequent topology changes and reliable delivery
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

83. Communication protocol Network layer
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

84. Communication protocol Data-link layer (Open research issues)
system performance optimization
Cross-layer optimization
Cross-layer interaction can
reduce packet overhead on each layer
reduce energy consumption
Interaction with the MAC layer provide
congestion control information
enhance route selection
Comparing performance of existing protocols of static network in a mobile network
improve communication reliability and energy efficiency
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

85. Communication protocol Data-link layer
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

86. Communication protocol Physical layer
Bandwidth choices
Radio architecture
Modulation schemes
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

87. Communication protocol Physical layer (Open research issues)
Minimizing the energy consumption
Optimizing of circuitry energy
reduction of wakeup and startup times
Optimizing of transmission energy
Modulation schemes
Future work
new innovations in low power radio design with emerging technologies
exploring ultra-wideband techniques as an alternative for communication
creating simple modulation schemes to reduce synchronization and transmission power
building more energy-efficient protocols and algorithms
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

88. Communication protocol Cross-layer interactions (Open research issues)
Collaboration between all the layers to achieve higher
energy saving
network performance
network lifetime
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

89. Conclusion Large number of application is exist regarding to WSN
Large number of work has done on WSN
There are still many open issue research in WSN
Open research area:
Application-specific characteristic
Power efficient algorithm
Cross-layer optimization
more experimental work to reach more reliability
Improvement of existing protocol
Security
Error reduction in localization
[3]
Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017

90. Dr.P.GNANASUNDARI/PROFESSOR/ECE/SNSCE/RESEARCH SEMINAR/WSN
Thursday, April 27, 2017