1. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY The Mississippi Delta Gary Parker, University of Illinois From NASA

2. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY Before and After Katrina From the New York Times

3. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY The river is diked along its entire length and is not allowed to avulse. Sediment is either stored in- channel or funneled out to sea. From US Army Corps of Engineers website

4. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY So the river bed gets higher and higher e.g. at the Old River Control Structure,

5. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY The river mouth extends farther and farther into the Gulf of Mexico,

6. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY and the rest of the delta subsides under compaction, with no replacement sediment, causing the shoreline to advance. From Scientific American

7. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY

8. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY Fan-deltas evolve as channels aggrade and avulse.

9. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY Large, low-slope rivers co-evolve with their floodplains, with bed material load exchanging with the channel, and wash load exchanging with the floodplain.

10. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY So how do fans and fan-deltas work? Aggradation and elongation Avulsion Kosi Fan, India

11. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY What happens when humans interfere with this process by building dikes and preventing avulsions? From GoogleEarth

12. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY What happens when humans interfere with this process by building dikes and preventing avulsions?

13. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY The Kusatsu River forms a fan-delta on Lake Biwa, Japan which is densely populated. It has not been allowed to avulse since the 10 th Century.

14. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY Over geomorphic time the Mississippi Delta has been no different. The United States is so new, however, that there is no cultural memory of channel avulsions. Borrowed from C. Paola: original source not known

15. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY The Mississippi Delta rapidly subsides by compaction under its own weight. Under natural conditions this subsidence is balanced by overbank deposition of sediment abetted by channel avulsion. The mud that would construct the floodplain is held behind levees and delivered out to sea. Meanwhile the sand deposits on the channel between the levees as it elongates. As a result, the levees and the prevention of avulsion is causing the shoreline to advance, not in geomorphic time, but in engineering time.

16. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY “At this rate, New Orleans will be exposed to the open sea by 2090.”

17. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY Transport and sorting of mixed sizes of sand and mud. Self-constructed, co-evolving channel and floodplain. Subsidence under compaction. Sea level variation. Aggrading and avulsing channels. Self-constructed deltaic region. Option to place or remove levees at various times. Option for partial diversions without complete avulsion. What parts do we need for the science and engineering? We have most of the parts, but assembly will be no easy job.

18. National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics ENABLING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY For example, what effect would this controlled avulsion have on delta sedimentation and navigability of the river at New Orleans? Wax Lake Delta, Atchafalaya River