1. Summary of Previous Lecture Planning in Pakistan Budget process NA, Senate, Law

2. Pre-budgeting consultation with civil society No pre or post budget consultation process is held. However, this is essential before to budget announcement, the total available funds, rather than any alternative to governments pending policies.

4. Budget as a Policy Tool Fiscal policy JMK Ways to influence policy -GNP -Inflation -Unemployment -Cooling of the economy and vice versa

5. Corruption-Explanation of Terminology The misuse of one’s own authority. Corruption is the abuse of public office.

6. Types of corruption Policy Manipulation Collusion-involvement or conspiracy Extortion-exploitation Moral

7. Transparency International NGO Monitors & publicizes corporate and political corruption. It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index

9. Historical perspective Corruption remains a substantial obstacle for Pakistan. Various efforts have been made to stop corruption.

10. Key sectors affected by corruption in Pakistan Police and law enforcement Judiciary and legal profession Power sector Tax and customs Health and education Land administration Railway PIA Pakistan Steel