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Ch. 32 Notes: Digestive and Excretory Systems
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mouth esophagus liver gallbladder large intestine small intestine rectum/anus
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9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 9C identify and investigate the role of enzymes; 10A describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system Objectives
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Cells require many different nutrients, and six types of nutrients help to maintain homeostasis Water- natural solvent, aids in digestion and excretion, blood volume and body temperature Carbohydrates- main source of energy (4 cal/gram) Proteins- raw materials for growth and repair, catalyze reactions Fats- provide energy and energy storage, make up cell membranes (9 cal/gram) Minerals- repair tissues and carry out body functions Vitamins- work with enzymes to regulate cell functions, growth, and development
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Nutrients from food Simple and Complex Carbohydrates
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Cells require many different nutrients, and six types of nutrients help to maintain homeostasis Water - natural solvent, aids in digestion and excretion, blood volume and body temperature Carbohydrates - main source of energy Proteins - raw materials for growth and repair, catalyze reactions Fats - provide energy and energy storage, make up cell membranes Minerals - repair tissues and carry out body functions Vitamins - work with enzymes to regulate cell functions, growth, and development
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Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food into simpler molecules Digestion - process where large complex food molecules are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used by the body Digestive system - collection of organs that breaks down food into energy
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Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach Mechanical digestion- physically breaking down food into smaller pieces Chemical digestion- enzymes and acids chemically break down food molecules
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Pathway Mouth - mechanical digestion, plus chemical digestion of starches Esophagus Peristalsis - rhythmic, involuntary contraction of smooth muscle, helps you swallow and move food around in your stomach/intestines Stomach - mechanical digestion and chemical digestion Small intestine - most digestion takes place here Large intestine - absorbs water Rectum - holds waste before excretion
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Peristalsis esophagus muscles contract muscles relax food stomach
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A – Esophagus B – Gall bladder (stores bile) C – Liver D – Stomach E – Duodenum (part of small intestine) F – Pancreas G – Small intestines H – Large intestines
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Digestion involves lots of different enzymes that each break down specific things EX: amylase- breaks down starches EX: pepsin- breaks down proteins EX: lipase- breaks down fats
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Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine Use villi- small fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients Water is absorbed from the large intestine Other organs involved with digestion Liver (also filters your blood!)- makes bile - helps break down fat Pancreas - produces enzymes
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Excretory System The excretory system removes waste and helps maintain homeostasis Organs Kidneys - filter and clean blood and producing urine (water, urea, salts, etc) Nephrons- structures in the kidneys that filter blood Ureter (2)- carries urine from the kidney to the bladder Bladder - sac like organ for urine storage Urethra - tube that releases urine outside the body
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skin lungs kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra
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Kidneys help to maintain homeostasis Remove waste products from the blood Help maintain pH and electrolyte levels in the blood Use feedback loops to do this Positive feedback loop- there is a change occurring that the body wants to continue occurring. Negative feedback loop- stop what is changing and return it to normal
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What would happen if your kidneys stopped working? ________________________________________________________________
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