1. Human Factors in Cyber Security: A Review for Research & Education P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan, PhD 1

2. Agenda The context Causes Basis Review of field – Selection – Analysis – Future directions 2

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5. App & Airlines 5

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7. Causes Accidental or non-deliberate causes Deliberate causes 7

8. Risk Perception Perception of risk ---> behavioural decisions. Influenced by – Availability Heuristic, Optimism Bias, Level of control, level of knowledge, Risk Compensation, Cumulative Risks, Influence of familiarity, Influence of framing, Personality & Cognitive style, Influence of social factors Insiders’ threat – Extension of OB studies 8

9. Mitigation – Inputs for training? – Enforce baseline security policies and procedures – Extend traditional policy and guidance – Conduct ongoing personnel checks – Implement focused risk assessments – Training for awareness & behavioural change 9

10. Basis? Evidence-based approach? – School of medicine – Public policy – Can be extended for curriculum design 10

11. Source of Attack EY (2015). 1800 Respondents, 60 countries, 25 sectors, June 2014. 11

12. Changing Behaviour Symantec (2015). Internet Security Threat Report 12

13. The Need “more robust evidence-based cyber security policy making is needed, an area which is generally not covered by cyber security strategies” (OECD, 2012) 13

14. Looking for evidence Search – keywords – Academic databases From 2010 Non-technical content Empirical papers 42 papers Inputs for training / Education? 14

15. The field Perceptual data studies – Mix of Quanti. & Quali. studies – Experts as respondents – Self reporting data / Survey Security Perception & behavior studies – Awareness – knowledge & consequences – Intention – Password – Creation & sharing behavior – Low – Cyber crime experiences (Mostly phishing emails!) Adequate insights for employees’ & users’ training – Taxonomy Taxonomy 15

16. Gaps Need for causal studies of users / victims – Not causally linked to loss Social factors as differentiators – Missing – Gender, Age, Education, Class Device Contexts – Mobile devices Differing information eco system – Impact of network externalities 16

17. Future directions Human factors in Cyber Security – Inputs for policy making Scope for filling the gaps Compete with technologists Computer scientists as advisors Challenging methodologies – Beyond survey 17

18. Q & A? 18

19. Thank you! 19

20. Taxonomy…… 20 Stanton et al. (2005)