1. Free Response Questions Released
2014 AP Human Geography
Free Response Questions Released

2. Human Geography Free Response
Time 75 minutes
Percent of total score 50

3. Directions
You have 75 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of this time to plan and outline each answer. You may use the unlined space below each question for notes. Be sure to write your answers on the lined pages immediately following each question.

4. Question 1
1. Rostow’s Five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world theory are two of the more common economic development models.
A. Identify and compare three differences between the stages of economic growth and the core –periphery model.
B. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil.
C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

5. Question 1 Part A Answer Identify & Compare 3 differences
Stages of economic growth Rostow
Core-Periphery model Wallerstein
Accurately names / describes all five stages (Traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take off, drive to maturity, mass consumption)
National economies developing forward over time
National-level analysis
Accurately names all three parts of the system (core, periphery, semi- periphery)
Countries are static or can move backward in development
International –level analysis

6. Question 1 Part A Answer cont.
Stages of economic growth Rostow
Core-Periphery model Wallerstein
Economic change that focuses on a single country
Uneven global development can be lessened
Countries fund investment for economic growth internally.
Economic change that focuses on spatial relationships between countries ( trade, interdependence, interaction)
Uneven global development is a basic characteristic
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries to finance investment for economic growth.

7. Question 1 Part A Answer cont.
Stages of economic growth Rostow
Core-Periphery model Wallerstein
International trade may help countries to grow economically
Does not emphasize the role of colonialism/ Imperialism or neo colonialism
International trade strengthens development in core countries (exporting manufactured goods) and constrains development in peripheral countries (exporting resources)
Emphasizes the role of colonialism/imperialism or neo colonialism.

8. Question 1 Part A Answer cont.
Stages of economic growth Rostow
Core-Periphery model Wallerstein
Western/ Capitalist or liberal viewpoint
Marxist/structuralist viewpoint
One point is earned for each difference compared.
To earn one point for a difference, the response must make a corresponding comparison of both models

9. Question 1 Part B Use 1 of the 2 models to explain the level of economic development in Mexico/Brazil
ROSTOW
Take-off Stage 3 – Agriculture is mechanized and commercialized
Or Manufacturing investment is export-based economy
Transition from preconditions for take off to take-off (stage2-stage3)
At least one characteristic listed under take-off
Wallerstein
Semi-periphery
Newly industrialized country (NIC) OR
Countries able to exploit peripheral countries (LDCs), but are themselves expointed by the core countries (MDCs)

10. Question 1 Part B Cont. Use 1 of the 2 models to explain the level of economic development in Mexico/Brazil
ROSTOW
Drive to Maturity (or stage4)
Economic output exceeds population growth rate
Or Increased manufacturing specialization and integration into the global economy
Or Increased incorporation of advanced technology
Wallerstein

11. Question 1 Part B cont. Use 1 of the 2 models to explain the level of economic development in Mexico/Brazil
Rostow
Wallerstein
One point is earned for identifying a ”stage” or “part”
One point is earned for an explanation of the “stage” or “part”
Both identification and explanation must be from the same model.
One point may be earned for an explanation without identifying or correctly identifying a “stage” or “part”

12. Question 1 Part C Give 2 examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.
Core
Central Business District
City
Small town
Political center
Large /Primate city or metropolitan area
Populated area/region
Periphery
Zone of transition/residential
Suburb/edge city
Remote areas or rural hinterland
Less powerful center/area
Small/ Medium city or non metropolitan area/region
Less populated region

13. Question 1 Part C cont. Give 2 examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.
Core
Core state or province
Periphery
Peripheral state or province
One point is earned for each type of core-pheriphery example identified from the list in the table
Spatial or geographically-bounded terminology must be evident for both core and periphery examples
Global-scale and country-scale examples earn no credit

14. Question 2
2. The international borders of Africa countries are a legacy of colonialism.
A. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary.
B. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa.
C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies.

15. Question 2 Part A Answer
Define the concept of a superimposed boundary.
A boundary line or border line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern OR arbitrarily imposed by external powers

16. Question 2 Part B Answer Describe 3 political or cultural consequences superimposed boundaries in Africa
Multinational or multiethnic state
Multistate nation
Internal Struggle
External Struggle
Separate nations within the same territory
Culture group split into pieces, made into minority groups
Increased likelihood of religious, ethnic, or tribal conflict
IncreasedIncreased likelihood of international, regional or cross- border conflict

17. Question 2 Part B Answer Cont
Question 2 Part B Answer Cont. Describe 3 political or cultural consequences superimposed boundaries in Africa
New language
Cultural syncretism (Synthesis)
Migration
Government Change
European or regional languages (Swahili) become official language or lingua franca
Between culture groups of a single country
May increase number of refugees or internally displaced persons; traditional or seasonal migration patterns disrupted
Nation- building difficulties, non- viable states formation of new independent states, relocated capitals

18. Question 2 Part B Answer Cont
Question 2 Part B Answer Cont. Describe 3 political or cultural consequences superimposed boundaries in Africa
Lost or limited access to natural resources
Ineffective governance
Political and economic hubs
Economic dependency
Governments, antecedent treaties and laws less effective
Diffusion patterns extend from ports along coasts to points inland

19. Question 2 Part C Identify and explain 1 challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies
Landlocked Economies
Identify
Explain
Access to the Sea
Increased cost of imports
Limited road or rail transportation for imported goods in bulk
Economic Cooperation
Vulnerability
Lack of easy access to maritime trade or ocean resources.
Due to customs, tariffs, tolls, distance or transportation costs
More break-of-bulk points
Communications needed between landlocked and bordering states (including provisions and resources under the law of the Seas)
Can be cut off from global trade or political support by hostile neighbors

20. Question 3
3. Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network.
A. Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map.
B. Explain two impacts of coffee farming on producing countries.
C. Identify and explain one way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production.
D. Explain one change in the urban landscape in the developed world associated with coffee consumption.

21. Question 3 Part A Answer Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map below
1. Less developed, developing, pheripheral, smi-peripheral
2. Tropical regions or between tropic lines, low latituteds, equatorial
3. Former colonies
4. Utilize plantation or small scale agriculture

22. Question 3 Part B Answer Explain 2 impacts of coffee farming on producing countries
Economic Development
Increased employment
growth of GNP
Development of infrastructure
cash/export crop
Improved foreign exchange
Increased global/trade/better international relations

23. Question 3 Part B Answer Cont
Question 3 Part B Answer Cont.. Explain 2 impacts of coffee farming on producing countries
Single Commodity dependency
Economic dependence on a single crop
Coffee prices set by global traders
Negatively impacts farmers income and quality of life
Proliferation of low wage jobs
Underdevelopment as a result of profits leaving the country

24. Harmful effects of agricultural chemicals Water use issues
Question 3 Part B Answer Cont.. Explain 2 impacts of coffee farming on producing countries
Environmental
Harmful effects of agricultural chemicals
Water use issues
Deforestation
Biodiversity loss
Soil erosion

25. Question 3 Part B Answer Cont
Question 3 Part B Answer Cont.. Explain 2 impacts of coffee farming on producing countries
Agricultural land use
Coffee, or other cash crop, vs. Food
Coffee production limits what other crops/livestock can be grown to meet local needs
Shift from traditional to commercial agriculture

26. Question 3 Part C Answer Identify and explain 1 way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production ID
Explanation
Increased Production
Increased fair trade production
Increased resources dedicated to coffee production (land etc.)
Adoption of new techniques dedicated to coffee production
Increased profit
New players in the coffee industry
Increased farm earnings/workers wages
Fewer links in the commodity chain
More environmentally friendly farming techniques

27. Question 3 Part C Answer Cont
Question 3 Part C Answer Cont. Identify and explain 1 way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production ID
Explanation
Increased Organic Production
Increased demand for certain blends
More environmentally friendly farming techniques
Price Premium
More acreage devoted to specialty varieties at the expense of traditional varieties

28. Question 3 Part D Explain one change in the urban landscape in the developed world associated with coffee consumption
Basic
Complex
More Coffee Shops
Multi-function/specialty coffee shops
Coffee shops as catalyst
Environmental impact
Special concept proximity to consumers, Central place theory,diffusion
Gathering spots, coffee related merchandise
Revitalization of CBD / neighborhood
Change in urban viewscape(litter and signage), emissions and congestion at drive=throughs