2.  At the end of the lecture, students should :  Describe briefly common types of meningitis  Describe the principles of treatment  List the name of antibiotics used for treatment of meningitis  Describe the mechanism of action & adverse effects of the individual drugs

3. Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).

4. Infectious  Viruses  Bacteria Non-infectious e.g,spread of cancer to meninges(malignant meningitis),etc.

5.  Is a serious, life threatening disease.  May lead to serious long –term consequences (e.g. deafness, epilepsy,,hydrocephalus & cognitive deficits).

6.  Neisseria meningitidis**  Streptococcus pneumoniae**  Haemophilus influenzae  Staphylococcus aureus  Pseudomonas aeruginosae  Listeria monocytogenes  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis)

7.  The bacteria are carried by humans in the nose and throat and spread by coughing and/or sneezing, kissing, sharing eating utensils.  The pathogens spread from the respiratory tract to the blood stream and to the nervous system and cause bacterial meningitis.

8.  High fever*  Severe headache*  Stiff neck*  Irritability  Seizures  Vomiting

9.  Emergency hospitalization  Antibiotics  Measures for treatment of complications

10.  Antibiotic selected must penetrate adequately into the CSF. Regimen chosen must have potent activity against known or suspected pathogens & exert a bactericidal effect.(Empiric?)

11. PENICILLINS Cephalosporins Carbapenems ( Imipenem )

12.  Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall (bactericidal).

13. Penicillin G  Narrow spectrum  Destroyed by gastric acidity  Inactivated by β- lactamase  Short acting ( 4-6 hrs )

14.  Amoxicillin  Ampicillin

15.  Active against gram positive & gram negative microorganism.  Inactivated by β- lactamase enzyme, ( now a days combination with B-lactamase inhibitors are available e.g Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid and ampicillin + salbactum, are more effective against B-lactamase producing pathogens).  Amoxicillin and ampicillin are acid stable (effective orally )  Can also be given parenterally (I.V or I.M)  Amoxicillin is better absorbed from the gut & not affected by food.

16. Hypersen- sitivity (anaphylactic reaction Diarrhea Nephritis Neurotoxi -city Anaphylactic reaction is rare but serious adv effect of penicillin like drugs. Symp, hypotension, bronchoconstrivtion and itching

17.  3 rd generation Ceftriaxone  Both of them are given by intravenous infusion Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone

18.  Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

19.  Highly effective against Gm –ve bacilli  Anaerobic microbes  Pseudomonas ( ceftazidime)  Highly resistant to β- lactamase

20. Allergy Thrombophl- ebitis at site of injection Renal toxicity Superinfect -ions

21. Imipenem/cilastatin  Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis(bactericidal).  Has a wide spectrum of activity(aerobic & anaerobic G + & G_ bacteria, including pseudomonads)  Resistant to most β lactamases

22.  Not absorbed orally, taken by I.V.  Inactivated by dehydropeptidases in renal tubules, so it is given with an inhibitor cilastatin for clinical use.  Penetrates body tissues and fluids including C.S.F.

23.  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea  Skin rash and reaction at the site of infusion  High doses may cause seizure in patients with renal failure  Patients allergic to penicillins may be allergic to carbapenems.

25.  Bactericidal  Cell wall inhibitor  Poorly absorbed orally  Used orally to treat GIT infections caused by clostridium defficile e.g colitis.  Given intravenously

26.  Active only against Gm+ve bacteria  Used in combination with3rd generation cephalosporins for treatment of meningitis caused by penicillin resistant pneumococci.  Used against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).  May be combined with ampicillin or ceftazidime as an initial therapy of meningitis in infant, elderly and immunocompromised patients.

27.  Phlebitis at site of injection  Ototoxicity  Nephrotoxicity  Histamine release (flushing of upper body) [red man ( red neck ) syndrome] and hypotension (minimized if injected slowly).

28.  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterium, a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children.  New Hib vaccines — available as part of the routine childhood immunization schedule have greatly reduced cases of this type of meningitis.  Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) for older children and adults  Meningococcal conjugate vaccine,people going to Hajj.