1. Global Warming - Timescale
Big Bang - 10,000,000,000 years ago
All matter as we know it formed (re-formed?) in an instant
Solar system formed - 5,000,000,000 years ago
From immense cloud of gas
Earth’s crust formed - 4,600,000,000 years ago
Carbon dated - 4,485 m.y. to 4,595 m.y.
Earliest traces of life - 3,000,000,000 years ago
Early trees - 400,000,000 years ago
Humans - 2,500,000 years ago
Agriculture (De-forestation) - 6,000 years ago
Industry (Combustion) years ago

2. Global Warming - Timescale
Trees
Earth
for 400,000,000 years
Big Bang
Life
Sun
Humans
Agriculture
Industry
Carbon Fixing
for 3,000,000,000 years
Combustion
200 years

3. Solar Radiation Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere Energy In Energy Out Sun
Core temperature 14,000,000oC
Energy In
(Stable)
Energy Out
(Variable)
Sun
Surface temperature 6,000oC
Earth - 4,600,000,000 years old
99.85% of available energy
5,000,000,000 years old
Unlikely to change significantly for next 1,500,000,000 years
“Consuming” 500 million tons of Hydrogen per second
(Enough “left” for another 1,500,000,000 years)

4. Greenhouse Effect - Global Thermostat
Natural “Greenhouse” Gases
Atmosphere
Water Vapour *
Carbon Dioxide *
Clouds *
Ozone
Methane
* - 90% of natural
effect
Reflected long
wave radiation
Incoming
short wave
radiation
Reflected long
wave radiation
CO2 concentration
280 ppm
Greenhouse effect
+ 30oC
“Greenhouse Gases”
Little or no effect on incoming short wave radiation
Stop outgoing long wave radiation

5. Global Warming - Tinkering with the controls!!
This natural thermostat
may be very sensitive
Atmosphere
CO2 concentration
470 ppm (+70%)
Greenhouse effect
+ 31.5oC to +38oC
(+1.5oC to 8oC)
Amount of energy in atmosphere increases
as “Greenhouse Effect” increases

6. Global Warming - Predictions
Doubling of CO2 concentration - rise of 1.3oC
Taking account of climatic feedback - rise of 1.5oC to 4.5oC
Worst case scenario - 6.3oC to 8oC
Recorded rise of 0.5oC during last 100 years
Warmest years on record during last twelve years
CO2 concentrations increased by 25% since start of industrial revolution, 13% during last 25 years
Current gobal emission rate is 40,000 tonnes of CO2 per minute
Emissions must be reduced by 60% to stabilise at current concentration
(first interim report of IPCC (1990))
2006 > 50,000

7. Global Warming - Historic Perspective
1-1.5oC increase
Hotter than 6000 years ago
2-2.5oC increase
Hotter than 125,000 years ago
3-4oC increase
Hotter than 3-4,000,000 years ago
5oC increase
Conditions not experienced for tens of millions of years
Worst case
8oC increase

8. Global Warming - So What??
Rising sea levels
at least 0.5 to 1.5m over next few decade
Extreme weather conditions
floods, avalanches, heat waves, droughts
Loss of soil moisture
Changes and reorganisation of ecosystems
spread of tropical disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, viral encephalitis, plague, malaria candidates for new endemic diseases (Public Health Laboratory Service report)
asthma, algal blooms contaminating drinking water
new or mutant strains of microbes, viruses and bacteria??
Shortages of fresh water
increasing salinity, reduced stream flow
Who knows what else??
"At one point Tim was regarded as a bit of a sandal-wearing hippy, a save-the-world guy” – Eddie Lynch, Coolair, 2007

9. Global Warming - Contributors
50% energy for buildings - i.e. 25% of whole problem
25% energy for transport
25% others (including deforestation)
CH4 - 15%
CFCs - 12%
N2O - 9%
Others - 13%

10. Energy consumption in buildings
Heating 50%
Fabric losses
Ventilation
Cooling 20%
Fabric gains
Lighting 15%
Electric lighting
Hot Water 15%
Mainly washing

11. Heating
Ventilation (while in use)
Fabric Losses
(24 hours/day)

12. Fabric Losses - Standard Design
4.75oC
Fabric Losses
(24 hours/day)
21oC
21oC
12oC

13. Fabric Losses - Standard Design
Main elements
Roof, area 225 m2,, U-Value 0.35 w/m2/oC
Walls, area 250 m2, U-Value 0.55 w/m2/oC
Floor, area 285 m2, U-Value w/m2/oC
Glazing, area 223 m2, U-Value 3.6 w/m2/oC
Mean winter conditions
Internal Air 21oC
External air 4.75oC (January mean)
Ground 12oC
Mean energy loss
422 kWh per day

14. Fabric Losses - Green Building
4.75oC
15oC
Fabric Losses
(24 hours/day)
21oC
21oC
12oC

15. Fabric Losses - Green Building
Main elements (Lower U-Values)
Roof, area 225 m2,, U-Value 0.17 w/m2/oC
Walls, area 250 m2, U-Value 0.36 w/m2/oC
Floor, area 285 m2, U-Value 0.24 w/m2/oC
Glazing, area 223 m2, U-Value 1.6 w/m2/oC
Mean winter conditions
Internal Air 21oC
Atrium Air 15oC (Covered in courtyard)
External air 4.75oC (January mean)
Ground 12oC
Mean energy loss
166 kWh per day (approximately 60% reduction)

16. Ventilation - Standard Design
4.75oC
21oC
21oC

17. Ventilation - Standard Design
Bathrooms, WCs, Halls & Passages
500 m3/hour, 24 hours/day
Kitchens
1,728 m3/hour, 6 hours per day
Living/Bedrooms
216 m3/hour, 10 hours per day
Offices
420 m3/hour, 8 hours per day
Restaurant/Retail
1,400 m3/hour, 9 hours per day
Mean Energy Loss
238 kWh per day

18. Ventilation - Green Building
4.75oC
15oC
21oC
21oC

19. Ventilation - Green Building
Bathrooms, WCs, Halls & Passages
500 m3/hour, 24 hours/day
Kitchens
1,728 m3/hour, 6 hours per day
Living/Bedrooms
216 m3/hour, 10 hours per day
Offices
420 m3/hour, 8 hours per day
Restaurant/Retail
1,400 m3/hour, 9 hours per day
Mean Energy Loss
150 kWh per day (Approximately 40% reduction)

20. Ventilation - Green Building
4.75oC
15oC
Add Plants
21oC
21oC

21. Ventilation - Green Building
Mean Energy Loss
150 kWh per day (approximately 40% reduction)
Add in photosynthetic effects
127 kWh per day (approximately 50% reduction)

22. Heat pump - Basic Principles
Refrigerant Condenses
Power Out 26.3 kW
CoP = Heat Out/Power In
Power In 5.7 kW
Gas
High Pressure
Liquid
Electric Motor
Pump
Regulator Valve
Night ESB, 2..9 p/kWh
CoP = 4.6
Cost of heat = 0.63p
76% less than gas
Gas, 2.3 p/kWh
90% Efficiency
Cost of heat = p
Gas
Low Pressure
Liquid
Heat In 20.6 kW
Refrigerant Evaporates

23. Deep Borehole Limestone - 300 m in depth Solar Energy
Ground Level
Top of Bedrock
Solar Energy
Waste heat from buildings & drains
Energy from granite
Energy from core
Background Temperature Centigrade
Limestone m in depth

24. Heat Pump - Efficiency
The efficiency of a heat pump is inversely proportional to the temperature “lift” - i.e. the difference between the temperature of the evaporator and the condensor
The evaporator temperature is determined by the temperature of the bedrock - i.e 13.1oC
The condensor temperature is “determined” by the temperature of the heating fluid. In a typical heating system this would be 80oC
In the green building the radiating surface has been increased to the size of all the floors and ceilings so that the system can work satisfactorily with a low heating fluid temperature - 25oC to 35oC

25. Green Building - Heating System
Heat from
rock to store
at night
4.75oC
15oC
21oC
21oC
Heat from store
to building
during day
12oC

26. Weather forecast
It is important to keep the temperature in the reservoir as low as possible to, thus keeping the temperature “lift” as low as possible, thus keeping the CoP as high as possible.
It is also important to avoid overheating the structure before warm “spells” and vice-versa.
To do this we need access to the weather forecast to predict the mean heating load between now and pm (when the heat pump can be switched on next).
It has been demonstrated that the energy savings that can be achieved in Dublin using this technology is of the order of 16%. This does not take account of the improved CoP.

27. Heating systems - Performances
Standard design
660 kWh per day
Gas
2.3p per kWhour
90% efficiency
0.198 kg CO2/kWh
Green building
293 kWh per day
Electricity
2.9p per kWhour
460% efficiency
0.832 kg CO2/kWhour
CO2
(64% saving)
Energy
(91% saving)
Cost
(89% saving)

28. Lighting System Standard building (15 w/m2) Green building (7 w/m2)
14,394 kWh/Annum
Green building (7 w/m2)
High efficiency fittings
Reflective surfaces
Light well
7,000 kWh/Annum
Sun & Wind
9,000 kWh/Annum
Batteries
140 kWh storage (1 full week)

29. Solar Powered Electricity Generators and Accumulators
Three 1,500 watt wind turbines
Seventy six 53 watt solar modules
24 heavy duty batteries

30. Sun and Wind “Power” Availability Power (w/m2) Sun Wind Sun (h/d)
Wind (m/s mean)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec 85
112
185
260
288
279
278
261
204 97 96 63
119
103
125 46 70 30 37 52 43 83
1.9
2.3
3.4
4.7
5.3
4.9
4.1
4.2 5
3.3
2.4
1.4
6.2
5.9
6.3
4.5
5.2
3.9
4.2
4.7
4.4
5.5

31. Sun and Wind Power - Electrical Output
PV Panels (890 kWh/m2/annum insolation)
Measured efficiency
Hazy Sunshine, Some Clouds to 13.9%
Dull, total cloud cover -3 to 4%
Bright Sunshine, Occasional cloud -16.5%
Turbines (7,500 hours/annum usable wind)
5 to 17 m/s, 30 to 50%
3,500 hours wind in excess of 5.8 m/s
Annual output
9,000 kWh

32. Hot water 70 litres per person per day
24 persons (average) 80% occupancy
Delta t 45oC
34,361 kWh/Annum (Standard)
Showers & Spray Head taps
reduction of order of 50%
17,180 kWh/Annum
Thermomax collector - 70% 55oC
Area per tube m2
890 kWh/m2/Annum Insolation
62 kWh/Tube/Annum
Number of tubes 160 (two banks of 80)
Output 9,920 kWh
Overall saving 58%

33. Green Building - Cooling (Night) “Canyon” effect
15oC
21oC
21oC

34. Green Building - Cooling (Day) “Stack” effect
15oC
21oC
21oC

35. Overall comparisons CO2 (73% saving) Energy (90% saving) Cost

36. Materials - Environmental costs
Re-cycled where possible
Bricks, timber, aggregate (note transport costs)
Natural fibres
Carpets (note dies and binders)
Sustainable “harvests”
Selected timber from natural forest
Family owned, eight generations
Managed plantation
Norwegian softwood
Clear felling!! Biodiversity!!
Biomass
Medite ZF (one of few biomass powered plants in Ireland)
Embedded energy

37. Green Buildings - the future
More buildings like this
CHP systems
90% efficiency (currently about 20%)
CO2 emissions down by 93%
Biomass CHP systems
CO2 neutral
Sustainable
Solar Energy
Labour
Ash recycled as fertiliser
PV and Wind