1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements

2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Anatomical Position and Body Regions

3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Reference

4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms Anterior (ventral): front Posterior (dorsal): back Superior (cephalad): closer to top of head Inferior (caudal): closer to feet Proximal: closer to trunk Distal: farther from trunk

5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d) Medial: closer to midline Lateral: farther away from midline –Ipsilateral: on same side of body –Contralateral: on opposite side of body –Unilateral: only on one side –Bilateral: on both sides Superficial: closer to surface of body Deep: farther away from surface

6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d)

7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements Flexion –Bending (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip, ankle) –Usually a forward movement (except knee & toes) –Decreases angle between bones or body parts –Dorsiflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward nose –Plantarflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward ground –Lateral flexion: side bending

8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Extension –Straightening (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip) –Usually a backward movement –Increases angle between bones or body parts –Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position

9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Rotation –Movement around an axis (head, arm, thigh, trunk, forearm) –Supination: movement of hand & forearm laterally (palm up) –Pronation: movement of forearm & hand medially (palm down) Abduction –Movement away from midline (arm, hip) Adduction –Movement toward midline (arm, hip)

10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Circumduction –Combination of 4 movements: Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion –Performed continuously so distal end of part traces a circle –Can only occur at joints that permit 4 movements listed –Occurs in shoulder, hip, knuckles

11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Horizontal Abduction –Movement of arm along plane of horizon & away from body Horizontal Adduction –Movement of arm in a horizontal plane across midline of body Inversion of Foot –Soles of foot move toward midline of body Eversion of Foot –Soles of foot move away from midline of body

12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Elevation –Upward (superior) movement (scapula & mandible) Depression –Downward (inferior) movement (scapula & mandible) Protraction –Anterior (forward) movement (scapula & mandible) Retraction –Posterior (backward) movement (scapula & mandible)

13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Upward Rotation –Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns upward Downward Rotation –Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns downward