2. 1 Hi Jaguars! Hope you had a good half term! We are starting a new unit today!

3. 2 Last Half term we look at kings and rulers – all political stuff This time, we are looking at a different period in history and at different ideas all together. This time, we are looking at a different period in history and at different ideas all together. Up until 1750, the lives of the regular people in the towns and villages had not changed to any great extent since William the Conqueror. Up until 1750, the lives of the regular people in the towns and villages had not changed to any great extent since William the Conqueror. But beginning in 1750, the changes were rapid and far reaching. But beginning in 1750, the changes were rapid and far reaching. Over the next few weeks, we are going to be asking questions about what they changes were, why they happened and how they affected the people living at that time. Over the next few weeks, we are going to be asking questions about what they changes were, why they happened and how they affected the people living at that time.

4. 3 For the first 2 weeks, we are going to look at the what and the why of these changes in the towns and the villages. For the first 2 weeks, we are going to look at the what and the why of these changes in the towns and the villages. Both were changing fast and while they shared some of the reasons for change, they also brought about change in each other. Both were changing fast and while they shared some of the reasons for change, they also brought about change in each other. Today we are going to look at change in the villages. As we will see, some of the changes are due to circumstances that affected everyone, it was also the changes in the towns that made the changes in the country happen faster. Today we are going to look at change in the villages. As we will see, some of the changes are due to circumstances that affected everyone, it was also the changes in the towns that made the changes in the country happen faster.

5. 4 The Agricultural Revolution 1750-1900 By Mr McGiunness www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

6. 5 The Agricultural Revolution During the early 1700's, a great change in farming called the Agricultural Revolution began in Great Britain. The revolution resulted from a series of discoveries and inventions that made farming much more productive than ever before. By the mid-1800's, the Agricultural Revolution had spread throughout much of Europe and North America. One of the revolution's chief effects was the rapid growth of towns and cities in Europe and the United States during the 1800's. Because fewer people were needed to produce food, farm families by the thousands moved to the towns and cities. ?

7. 6 THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION Agriculture means.. Agriculture means.. Farming. Farming. Revolution can mean… Revolution can mean… Change, fast or slow Change, fast or slow Over hundred and fifty years Over hundred and fifty years It was a slow process It was a slow process

8. 7 The Agricultural Revolution Britain needed more food Britain needed more food Farms were still run on the medieval strip system Farms were still run on the medieval strip system new ideas and machinery were being developed new ideas and machinery were being developed

9. 8 Disadvantages of the old system?

10. 9 Disadvantages of the old system Field left fallow People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs No proper drainage Animals can trample crops and spread disease Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field No hedges or fences

11. 10 So what? So this is an inefficient system and only produces enough food to feed you and your family, there is very little extra. Towns are growing, the people in towns need feeding so extra food is needed. No corn is being imported because of the war with France, so more corn is needed

12. 11 What is a Revolution and how can you have a farming revolution? But what has that got to do with farming? A revolution is any fundamental change or reversal of conditions, a great and sometimes violent change or innovation

13. 12 All right,so there was going to be a great change... What exactly was this great change? Great changes, you mean - and innovations All right CHANGES.. First of all, there was enclosure, then there was the new machinery such as the seed drill and horse plough, not to mention marling and selective breeding…..

14. 13 There used to be Open Fields All villagers worked together All villagers worked together All the land was shared out All the land was shared out Everyone helped each other Everyone helped each other Everyone had land to grow food Everyone had land to grow food For centuries enough food had been grown For centuries enough food had been grown ADVANTAGES

15. 14 But there were problems with the openfield system Strips in different fields Fallow land Waste of time Waste of land Common land DISADVANTAGES

16. 15 Why did the Open field system change? What was Happening to population?

17. 16 What came next? How How are the fields different? Can Can more food be grown? Why? What’s What’s missing? Who Who wanted change? did not want change?

18. 17 Enclosures This meant enclosing the land. This meant enclosing the land. The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished. The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished. Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up. Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up.

19. 18 Nothing - if you could prove you owned the land, if you had the money for fences and hedges and if you could afford to pay the commissioners to come and map the land, not to mention the cost of an Act of Parliament. So what’s wrong with that?

20. 19 So did people want to enclose their land? Well, some did and some didn’t. If they did not agree it was hard luck. If the owners of four fifths of the land agreed they could force an Act of Parliament- there was a great increase in the number of these in the eighteenth century, from 30 a year to 60, then from 1801 to 1810 there were 906, nearly 3 million hectares were enclosed.

21. 20 Were there winners and losers? Yes, the better off farmers and landowners gained the most - the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. People who had no written proof of ownership lost their land altogether. Some couldn’t afford to pay for fences and had to sell their land. These people either became laborers on other peoples land or headed for the towns to try and get a job.

22. 21 From ‘Walking Tour’ by Richard Warren 1799 Time was when these commons enabled a poor man to support his family. Here he could put a cow and pony, feed his geese and pig. Time was when these commons enabled a poor man to support his family. Here he could put a cow and pony, feed his geese and pig. Encloses have deprived him of this advantage Encloses have deprived him of this advantage One farm laborer said: ‘All I know is that I had a cow and an Act of Parliament has taken it from me.’ There were riots in some villages.

23. 22 Selective Breeding? Some farmers such as Robert Bakewell and the Culley brothers concentrated on selective breeding. This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest of their cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate. You can tell how successful they were: In 1710 the average weight for cattle was 168 Kg by 1795 - it was 363 Kg

24. 23 What other new ideas were there? Publicity Seed drill Crop rotation New ploughs and hoes

25. 24 Jethro Tull - inventor The seed drill put seeds in in rows. The seed drill put seeds in in rows. Before this seeds had been ‘broadcast’. Before this seeds had been ‘broadcast’. This was much more efficient and gave higher yields This was much more efficient and gave higher yields Other machines soon followed! Other machines soon followed! In 1701 Jethro Tull introduced the seed drill. In 1701 Jethro Tull introduced the seed drill. Seed was put in a hopper and was dispensed at regular intervals down a funnel to the ground below to rest in a groove made by a coulter (knife). Seed was put in a hopper and was dispensed at regular intervals down a funnel to the ground below to rest in a groove made by a coulter (knife). The seed drill on the right uses small cups on a shaft to pick up the seed and drop it down the five regularly spaced funnels. By this means the seed was uniformly spaced and in straight lines. The seed drill on the right uses small cups on a shaft to pick up the seed and drop it down the five regularly spaced funnels. By this means the seed was uniformly spaced and in straight lines.

26. 25 A reaper – 1799 by Joseph Boyce Also iron rather than wooden ploughshares and steam threshing machines were introduced by the end of the century – all of which could do the jobs faster and machines lasted longer and could be mass produced rather than individually made.

27. 26 Rotation Ever since the 3-year open field system, there had been an understanding that you could not carry on plating wheat year after year in the same place, otherwise the crop yields went down as the soil became exhausted. So the 2 years of planting followed by one of fallow worked well enough. But now there were more people who needed feeding, leaving 1/3 of the land not producing anything could not go on. Ever since the 3-year open field system, there had been an understanding that you could not carry on plating wheat year after year in the same place, otherwise the crop yields went down as the soil became exhausted. So the 2 years of planting followed by one of fallow worked well enough. But now there were more people who needed feeding, leaving 1/3 of the land not producing anything could not go on. So instead of 3 year rotation they found a 4-year rotation was much better. So instead of 3 year rotation they found a 4-year rotation was much better. Wheat,turnips, oats, clover ( this added nitrogen to the soil) Wheat,turnips, oats, clover ( this added nitrogen to the soil) When the field was down to clover, the cows were let in. They got better food than ordinary grass and the manure improved the soil no end. When the field was down to clover, the cows were let in. They got better food than ordinary grass and the manure improved the soil no end.

28. 27 Publicity?! Yeah, books were written on farming, there were model farms set up - George III set up one at Windsor. The Board of Agriculture was set up and Arthur Young, the new secretary, went round the country recording the progress of the revolution and others could read his report to find out more. Agricultural shows with competitions were held and people could exchange ideas and see the latest things.

29. 28 But it wasn’t all good news In addition there were change in the way the land looked from open fields to a sort of patchwork quilt. Changes in the shape of a village as people could build on their own land New machines meant less people were needed to work the land - so there was unemployment, enclosure meant people lost land - this meant losing their homes as they had nowhere to grow food and there was little work- so they moved to towns.

30. 29 Was it a revolution? Well, there were some dramatic and rapid changes in some villages but really the whole thing was quite gradual. After all farming had been changing slowly for a long time. Enclosures had been happening even in Tudor times. So perhaps it was more evolution than revolution.

31. 30Homework Think about how the villages changed between 1750 and the early nineteenth century. Choose the 3 changes you think were most important and explain them. Say why you thought these were the most important