1. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) English for Science Hypothetical Thinking, Categorisation and SHAs

2. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) EfS ACH and SHAs White bears and Novaya Zemlya Q:All bears are white where there is always snow; in Novaya Zemlya there is always snow; what color are the bears there? A:I have only seen black bears and I do not talk of what I have not seen. Q:But what do my words imply? A:If a person has not been there he cannot say anything on the basis of words. If a man was 60 or 80 and had seen a white bear there and told me about it, he could be believed. Hypothetical Thinking 1

3. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) EfS ACH and SHAs Camels and Germany Q:There are no camels in Germany; the city of B is in Germany; are there camels there or not? A:I don’t know, I have never seen German villages. If B is a large city, there should be camels there. Q:But what if there aren’t any in all of Germany? A:If B is a village, there is probably no room for camels. Hypothetical Thinking 2

4. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) EfS ACH and SHAs Dogs and chickens Q:What do a chicken and a dog have in common? A:They are not alike. A chicken has two legs, a dog has four. A chicken has wings but a dog doesn’t. A dog has big ears and a chicken’s are small. Q:Is there one word you could use for them both? A:No, of course not. Q:Would the word “animal” fit? A:Yes. Similarities: Abstract Categories 1

5. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) EfS ACH and SHAs Fish and crows Q:What do a fish and a crow have in common? A:A fish – it lives in water. A crow flies. If the fish just lies on top of the water, the crow could peck at it. A crow can eat a fish but a fish can’t eat a crow. Q:Could you use one word for them both? A:If you call them “animals”, that wouldn’t be right. A fish isn’t an animal and a crow isn’t either. A crow can eat a fish but a fish can’t eat a bird. A person can eat a fish but not a crow. Similarities: Abstract Categories 2

6. WiSe 2009/10© 2010, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon) EfS ACH and SHAs Market as metaphor Percentage Natural Selection Control group Random sample ShortHand Abstractions (SHAs) Naturalistic fallacy Charisma effect Placebo Falsifiability/tautology Tolerance school fallacy Interviews from Luria (1976); SHAs from Flynn (2007)