1. Y8 History History Revision

2. 2 In the revision notes I said … 1. There will be question where you are given a source (either primary or secondary) and asked some questions on it. It will be tied to some of the work we did on Empires but I will give you the background story before the exam – you wouldn’t need to remember much – but just look at the evidence to decide who is writing and for what purpose and how they are managing to convey the impression they are trying to give. We will do a practice example of this in the week before the examination.

3. 3 Well last week … …. We look at a few sources about Potosí Silver Mine in South America. We talked about what you could gather from the sources, about who was wrting it and who for. Well you will be given another source of about a similar period but from a different part of the world. Here is the back ground to the one you will see….

4. 4 For those of you who were here … Around the early 16 th century (that is 1500 onwards) there was a lot of navel exploring going on. Spices had always been important because they preserved food and made it easier to eat food that tasted pretty bad as it was not always fresh! But until only a short while before this time, the spices which came from what was called the East Indies (South East Asia now), had had to be brought across the land. Only small amounts could be carried on horses and camels and so it took a long time and this made them very expensive. But the Portuguese had found a way to sail around the bottom of Africa and reach the East Indies that way. Ships were far bigger than the camels and horses that had carried the spices over land, so the sailors could bring much greater quantities by sea. The Portuguese set up what were known as ‘factories’ which were a kind of trading post in various places in the East Indies or the Spice Islands as they were often known. Once settled in their trading posts, their traders travelled to other places in the region to see what they might buy and sell, so they visited India and China as well as the other Islands that were near by. It is at this time that our source comes from. It is about the people that traders came in contact with.

5. 5 Question 2 This will be about weapons and warfare – a bit of revision on that in a moment. There will be 4 or 5 short questions which you have to answer, but I will try to make them what is called ‘open ended’. The idea is you can tell me what you know rather than me trying to trap you by asking For example I would not ask you what a ‘contubernium’ was – just in case you did not remember that word, but I might say  The Roman army was highly organised. Give examples to show how this true Now you could explain about the contubernium or you might explain how they set up in legions of 5-6000 and how long they spent practicing manoeuvres or you could explain about how they used the tortoise and the other machines of war. All of which could get you full marks.

6. 6 Question 3 This will a chance to really show off what you know about the Victorian era. I expect a good half page of about font 12 (more about that in a minute). There will be a choice. I have made an on-screen view of all the PowerPoints on Victorian childhood on http://interhigh- history.wikispaces.com/Jaguars+Summer - right down the bottom of the page.http://interhigh- history.wikispaces.com/Jaguars+Summer And I have also added the link to the Victorian childhood site we used. For those who were not there at the time for this unit, I would suggest you concentrate on that – have a good look at that and you will be able to open http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/victorian_britain/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/victorian_britain/ Which is the main site we used for information.

7. 7 Question 3 (continued) For those who were here, you will have other choices of question, if you want to, from a famous Victorian or a discovery or invention from Victorian times. I will not be telling you which person or which invention or discovery, but I will be asking for particular information about it/them. Font 12: Font 12: Now this is important. Some of you use very large fonts for homework. For the exam, please stick to size 12. If you want it to look bigger on your screen, you can enlarge it up to about 150%, but please don’t make the font size big!

8. 8 Early weapons 1. The oldest weapon we know about was a spear which was lodged in an elelphant’s ribs – how long ago was that? 2. Why do we say this is the oldest weapon since probably a stick or a lump of rock could have injured men or animals long before that? 3. Sometime later, a weapon was found buried in the skull of a bear – this was a development. In what way was this so much better than the one found in the elephant? 4. What is one way that we believe that early man was able to throw further and faster than just throwing with his hand? 5. About 15,000 BC was an important development – what was that? 6. Soon metals were discovered, probably by accident – we believe that copper was the first one – why was is not really very effective?

9. 9 Metal and new weapons 7. But bronze changed everything – admittedly is was hard to make. Why? 8. How did they fit wooden handles for example onto a bronze blade? Why didn’t they use bronze handles? Which peoples used bronze for weapons and warfare? 9. In what way was iron better than bronze? 10. What was remarkable about 9th century BC Assyrains? 11. The Hallstatt came from Central Europe – Austrian and Switzerland, Northern Italy and Southern France. Why are they remembered? 12. The Greeks had oxybeles, ballistas and cheiroballistras? What did they do? 13. Early on the Greek city states were involved in border skirmishes. What did that mean? 14. By the 5th century BC ( 400’s) Greeks were invaded by the Persians and invasion and counter invasion became the order of the day. How was this different to previous warfare? 15. How were the Roman armies organised? 16. What were their weapons like? 17. What were their methods of attack?

10. 10 Castles 18. What were the advantages and disadvantages of Motte and Bailey castles? 19. Moving on a bit – a stone castle – what are the design features that help those being attached to defend it?

11. 11 Castles 20. What about attacking a castle? How was this done? 21. Moving on a bit – a stone castle – what are the design features that help those being attached to defend it?

12. 12 Gunpowder 22. What were the first weapons that used gunpowder? When was this? What were the parts and how did it work? 23. Small arms came about 100 years after. The method of loading and firing were similar – and so were the problems – what were they? 24. The arquebus or bow-gun has something that made lighting the charge more reliable – any ideas? But they still had to hold it against their chests to fire them. What was the problem with that? Why did they do it? 25. From this developed the hakebut or bagbut that solved that problem – how? 26. The musket was the next development – but it had problems of its own – and required a forked stick to solve it – any thoughts?