1. ATLAS Z-Path Masterclass 2013 1 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

2. It’s the dawn of an exciting age of new discovery in particle physics! At CERN, the LHC and its experiments have completed their first run, and discovered a Higgs boson. Our job is to understand how the ATLAS detector responds to data from a known Standard Model particle in the recent 7 and 8 TeV runs. The LHC and New Physics 2 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

3. The LHC is buried ~100 m below the surface near the Swiss-French border. The LHC and New Physics 3 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

4. Generic Design Cylinders wrapped around the beam pipe From inner to outer... Tracking Electromagnetic calorimeter Hadronic calorimeter Magnet* Muon chamber * Location of magnet depends on specific detector design. Detectors 4 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

5. View swf animation in browser. ATLAS Detector 5 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

6. ATLAS Detector 6 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

7. ATLAS Detector 7 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

8. The beam particles (protons) each have a total energy of 4 TeV: 2 x 4 TeV = 8 TeV The individual particles that make up the proton only have a fraction of this energy. New particles made in the collision always have a mass smaller than that energy. Proton Interactions 8 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

9. Particle Decays The collisions create new particles that promptly decay. Decaying particles always produce lighter particles. Conservation laws allow us to see patterns in the decays. Can you name some of these conservation laws? Time 9 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

10. Particle Decays Often, quarks are scattered in collisions. As they separate, the binding energy between them converts to sprays of new particles called jets. Also, lower energy electrons and muons can emerge. They are not what we are looking for. All the momentum of the proton beams is along the beam direction… Is momentum conserved? 10 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

11. We are looking for the Z boson, a particle with no charge that decays into two muons or two electrons.* What do we know about the charges of the muons or electrons? What is the charge of the Z? Particle Decays *The Z has other decays... but these are not what we are looking for. 11 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

12. Particle Decays A “di-muon” or “di-electron” event might be a decay of the particle that we are interested in. It may be hard to find the tracks we want… … unless we make a “cut” on low-energy tracks. Curved tracks come from low- momentum particles Straight tracks are from high- momentum particles 12 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

13. Particle Decays If we cut out all tracks below, say, 5 GeV momentum, the picture is clearer. Today, we will filter many events to find Z  e e and Z   signals and use momentum information from these to find the mass of the Z boson. Z: charge = 0 mass = 91.2 GeV e:charge = ±1 mass = 0.511 MeV μ:charge = ±1 mass = 105.7 MeV Z: charge = 0 mass = 91.2 GeV e:charge = ±1 mass = 0.511 MeV μ:charge = ±1 mass = 105.7 MeV 13 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

14. HYPATIA Event Display 14 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro Open HypatiaHypatia Open HypatiaHypatia

15. ATLAS Mass Plots 15 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro ATLAS can calibrate its detectors and check its simulation code by measuring well-known particle masses from different decays: Z decay to electrons Z decay to muons m Z 2 c 4 =E Z 2 -p Z 2 c 2 =(E 1 +E 2 ) 2 -|p 1 +p 2 | 2 c 2 Measure with detector Infer

16. Histogram Review Well-defined peak Outliers: lower frequency Where is the peak? What is the width? Is the “mass” precise? 16 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

17. Where is the peak? What is the width? Where are the outliers? Not all histograms have same precision. Histogram Review 17 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

18. Twin peaks:  Poor definition of one signal or  Two signals In particle physics, could be:  Two separate particles or  Large signal as "background" and smaller “bump” showing actual particle under study. Histogram Review 18 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

19.  Indirect observations and imaginative, critical, logical thinking can lead to reliable and valid inferences.  Therefore:  work together,  think (sometimes outside the box), and  be critical of each other’s results …to figure out what is happening. Keep in Mind... 19 “Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated.” George Santayana “Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated.” George Santayana 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro

20. Let’s Analyze Events! Make teams of two. Practise. Talk with physicists. Find good Z candidates. Which events will be included in the mass plot? AND plot the mass! Report! Rapport! Rejoice! Relax! 20 2013-04-20Masterclass Analysis Intro