1. FRS 123: Technology in Art and Cultural Heritage Color

2. Color Two types of receptors: rods and conesTwo types of receptors: rods and cones Rods and cones Cones in fovea

3. Rods and Cones RodsRods – More sensitive in low light: “scotopic” vision – More dense near periphery ConesCones – Only function with higher light levels: “photopic” vision – Densely packed at center of eye: fovea – Different types of cones  color vision

4. Color Perception 3 types of cones: L, M, S 3 types of cones: L, M, S Tristimulus theory of color S L M

5. Tristimulus Color Any distribution of light can be summarized by its effect on 3 types of conesAny distribution of light can be summarized by its effect on 3 types of cones Therefore, human perception of color is a 3-dimensional spaceTherefore, human perception of color is a 3-dimensional space Metamerism: different spectra, same responseMetamerism: different spectra, same response Color blindness: fewer than 3 types of conesColor blindness: fewer than 3 types of cones – Most commonly L cone = M cone

6. Color Models RGBRGB CMYCMY HSVHSV XYZXYZ …etc…etc

7. Color Models Different ways of parameterizing 3D spaceDifferent ways of parameterizing 3D space RGBRGB – Official standard: R = 645.16 nm, G = 526.32 nm, B = 444.44 nm – Most monitors are some approximation to this

8. RGB Color Model R G B Color R G B Color 0.00.00.0Black 1.00.00.0Red 0.01.00.0Green 0.00.01.0Blue 1.01.00.0Yellow 1.00.01.0Magenta 0.01.01.0Cyan 1.01.01.0White 0.50.00.0? 1.00.50.5? 1.00.50.0? 0.50.30.1? Colors are additive

9. CMY Color Model C M Y Color C M Y Color 0.00.00.0White 1.00.00.0Cyan 0.01.00.0Magenta 0.00.01.0Yellow 1.01.00.0Blue 1.00.01.0Green 0.01.01.0Red 1.01.01.0Black 0.50.00.0? 1.00.50.5? 1.00.50.0? Colors are subtractive

10. HSV Color Model H S V Color 01.01.0Red 1201.01.0Green 2401.01.0Blue *0.01.0White *0.00.5Gray * *0.0Black 601.01.0? 2700.51.0? 2700.00.7?

11. XYZ Colorspace RGB can’t represent all pure wavelengths with positive valuesRGB can’t represent all pure wavelengths with positive values – Saturated greens would require negative red XYZ colorspace is a linear transform of RGB so that all pure wavelengths have positive valuesXYZ colorspace is a linear transform of RGB so that all pure wavelengths have positive values

12. CIE Chromaticity Diagram

13. (White)

14. CIE Chromaticity Diagram CompareColorGamutsIdentifyComplementaryColorsDetermine Dominant Wavelength and Purity

15. RGB Color Gamut for Typical Monitor

16. Colorspaces for Television Differences in brightness more important than differences in colorDifferences in brightness more important than differences in color YC r C b, YUV, YIQ colorspaces = linear transforms of RGBYC r C b, YUV, YIQ colorspaces = linear transforms of RGB – Lightness: Y=0.299R+0.587G+0.114B – Other color components typically allocated less bandwidth than Y

17. Perceptually-Uniform Colorspaces Most colorspaces not perceptually uniformMost colorspaces not perceptually uniform MacAdam ellipses: color within each ellipse appears constant (shown here 10X size)MacAdam ellipses: color within each ellipse appears constant (shown here 10X size)

18. Perceptually-Uniform Colorspaces u’v’ spaceu’v’ space Not perfect, but better than XYZNot perfect, but better than XYZ

19. L*a*b* Color Space Another choice: L*a*b*Another choice: L*a*b*

20. L*a*b* Color Space Often used for color comparison when “perceptual” differences matterOften used for color comparison when “perceptual” differences matter

21. Summary Perception and representation ofPerception and representation of – Intensity, frequency, color ColorColor – Tristimulus theory of color – CIE Chromaticity Diagram – Different color models