3. Overview of an Engineering Drawing

5. 1. Try to write a description of this object. 2. Test your written description by having someone attempt to make a sketch from your description. Effectiveness of Graphics Language The word languages are inadequate for describing the size, shape and features completely as well as concisely. You can easily understand that …

6. DRAWINGS ( A Graphical Representation) The Fact about: If compared with Verbal or Written Description, Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time. Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

7. Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects. A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or computer methods. Composition of Graphic Language The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.

8. Freehand drawing The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and erasers. Example

9. Instrument drawing Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale. Example

10. Computer drawing The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD, solid works etc. Example

12. Elements of Engineering Drawing age Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word language. Graphics language Describe a shape (mainly). Word language Describe size, location and specification of the object.

13. Basic Knowledge for Drafting Graphics language Word language Line types Geometric construction Lettering Projection method

15. Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented. Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

16. ISO International Standards Organization Standard Code ANSI American National Standard Institute USA JIS Japanese Industrial Standard Japan BS British Standard UK AS Australian Standard Australia Deutsches Institut f ü r Normung DIN Germany Country Code Full name

17. Drawing Sheet Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4. Standard sheet size (JIS) A4 210 x 297 A3 297 x 420 A2 420 x 594 A1 594 x 841 A0 841 x 1189 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 (Dimensions in millimeters)

18. Drawing Scales Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow SCALE 1:1for full size SCALE X:1for enlargement scales SCALE 1:Xfor reduction scales

19. Basic Line Types Types of LinesAppearance Name according to application Continuous thick lineVisible line Continuous thin line Dimension line Extension line Leader line Dash thick lineHidden line Chain thin lineCenter line NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

20. Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the current view Meaning of Lines Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in the current view Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and location of features on a drawing

21. Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing

23. DRAWING TOOLS

24. 1. T-Square2. Triangles DRAWING TOOLS

25. 3. Adhesive Tape4. Pencils 2H or HB for thick line 4H for thin line DRAWING TOOLS

26. 5. Sandpaper6. Compass DRAWING TOOLS

27. 7. Pencil Eraser8. Erasing Shield DRAWING TOOLS

28. 9. Circle Template10. Tissue paper DRAWING TOOLS

29. 11. Sharpener12. Clean paper DRAWING TOOLS

30. Lettering

31. Text on Drawings Text on engineering drawing is used : To communicate nongraphic information. As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly. Uniformity - size - line thickness Legibility - shape - space between letters and words Thus, it must be written with

32. Example Placement of the text on drawing Dimension & Notes Notes Title Block

33. Lettering Standard ANSI Standard This course Use a Gothic text style, either inclined or vertical. Use all capital letters. Use 3 mm for most text height. Space between lines of text is at least 1/3 of text height. Use only a vertical Gothic text style. Use both capital and lower-case letters. Same. For letters in title block it is recommend to use 5~8 mm text height N/A. Follows ANSI rule.

34. Stroke Sequence I L T F E H

35. VXW

36. N MK Z YA 4

37. O QC G

38. D UPB RJ 12

39. 5 7

40. 6 89 0 S 3

41. l i

42. v wxk z

43. j yf r t

44. c oab dp qe

45. g nmh us

46. GOOD Not uniform in style. Not uniform in height. Not uniformly vertical or inclined. Not uniform in thickness of stroke. Area between letters not uniform. Area between words not uniform. Example : Good and Poor Lettering

47. Leave the space between words equal to the space requires for writing a letter “O”. Example Sentence Composition ALLDIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS O O O O UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. O

48. 1.Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from the center. 2.Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper. Large Circle

49. ♣ The following figures illustrates the Aligned system of dimensioning:

51. QUADRANT THEORY

52. X Y 1 ST Quad. 2 nd Quad. 3 rd Quad. 4 th Quad. X Y VP HP Observer THIS QUADRANT PATTERN, IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION) WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE, IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.

53. ♣ How to fold the A2 size drawing sheets for assignment work? ♥ Mark 190 mm from the right edge of the drawing sheet. Mark 186 mm from the previous mark. Mark 20 mm from the left edge of the drawing sheet. ♥ Mark 297 mm from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet on the reverse side. ♥ Coincide the first fold with third fold to get second fold. Coincide the third fold with the border line which is 20 mm to the right of left edge of drawing sheet to get fourth fold. Fifth and sixth folds are back folds. ♥ All larger size drawing sheets i.e. A0, A1, A2 and A3 are folded to A4 size sheet.

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