1. The Cardiac Cycle

2. The repeating pattern of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart The repeating pattern of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart Duration of cardiac cycle = 0.8 seconds Duration of cardiac cycle = 0.8 seconds Diastole longer than systole Diastole longer than systole Ventricular contraction follows atrial contraction (0.1 to 0.2 second later)…why? Ventricular contraction follows atrial contraction (0.1 to 0.2 second later)…why?

3. The end diastolic volume: the total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (120 ml) The end diastolic volume: the total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (120 ml) Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (70 ml) Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (70 ml) Residual volume: amount of blood left in each ventricle at the end of systole (50 ml) Residual volume: amount of blood left in each ventricle at the end of systole (50 ml) The Cardiac Cycle

4. Ventricles contract Ventricles contract Ventricular pressure: increasing Ventricular pressure: increasing Ventricular volume: no change Ventricular volume: no change AV valves: closed.. prevent backflow of blood AV valves: closed.. prevent backflow of blood Semilunar valves: closed (P in ventricles < P in vessels) Semilunar valves: closed (P in ventricles < P in vessels) Heart sounds: 1 st heart sound Heart sounds: 1 st heart sound ECG: QRS complex ECG: QRS complex The Cardiac Cycle Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

6. Ventricular pressure: increasing > the pressure in the aortic and pulmonary vessels Ventricular pressure: increasing > the pressure in the aortic and pulmonary vessels Left ventricular pressure up to 120 mmHg Left ventricular pressure up to 120 mmHg Right ventricular pressure up to 25 mmHg Right ventricular pressure up to 25 mmHg Ventricular volume: decreasing Ventricular volume: decreasing Semilunar valves: open Semilunar valves: open AV valves: closed.. prevent backflow of blood AV valves: closed.. prevent backflow of blood The Cardiac Cycle Ejection phase

8. Ventricles relax Ventricles relax Ventricular pressure: decreasing Ventricular pressure: decreasing Ventricular volume: no change Ventricular volume: no change AV valves: closed AV valves: closed Semilunar valves: closed Semilunar valves: closed Heart sounds: 2 nd heart sound Heart sounds: 2 nd heart sound ECG: T wave ECG: T wave The Cardiac Cycle Isovolumetric relaxation

10. Ventricular pressure: below atrial pressure ( slightly above zero) Ventricular pressure: below atrial pressure ( slightly above zero) Ventricular volume: increasing Ventricular volume: increasing AV valves: open when pressure in the atria> the pressure in the ventricles AV valves: open when pressure in the atria> the pressure in the ventricles Semilunar valves: closed Semilunar valves: closed Passive ventricular filling via AV valves (80%) Passive ventricular filling via AV valves (80%) The Cardiac Cycle Rapid filling of the ventricles

12. Active filling of the ventricles (20%) Active filling of the ventricles (20%) Ventricular volume: slight rise Ventricular volume: slight rise Ventricular pressure: slight rise Ventricular pressure: slight rise Semilunar valves: closed Semilunar valves: closed AV valves: open AV valves: open ECG: P wave ECG: P wave The Cardiac Cycle Atrial systole

14. The Cardiac Cycle 1. Isovolumetric contraction 2. Ejection phase 3. Isovolumetric relaxation 4. Rapid filling of the ventricles 5. Atrial systole

15. Heart Sounds The first heart sound: The first heart sound: Cause: closure of the AV valves Cause: closure of the AV valves The second heart sound: The second heart sound: Cause: closure of the semilunar valves Cause: closure of the semilunar valves

16. Cardiac Output

17. Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute CO= Stroke volume x Heart rate CO= Stroke volume x Heart rate (L/min)(ml/beat) (beat/min) = 70 X 70 = 4900 ml/min = 5 L/min Normal cardiac output (CO) = 5 L/min Normal cardiac output (CO) = 5 L/min

18. Cardiac Output

19. Sympathetic stimulation Sympathetic stimulation  HR (positive chronotropic effect)  HR (positive chronotropic effect)  CO  CO Parasympathetic stimulation Parasympathetic stimulation  HR  HR  CO  CO Cardiac centers in the medulla oblangata Cardiac centers in the medulla oblangata Cardiac Output Regulation of Heart Rate

20. End Diastolic Volume (EDV) Frank- Starling Law of the Heart Frank- Starling Law of the Heart  venous return   EDV   length of cardiac muscle (stretch)   force of contraction   stroke volume   cardiac output Cardiac Output Regulation of Stroke Volume

21. Positive ionotropic effect  strength of contraction Positive ionotropic effect  strength of contraction Sympathetic stimulation Sympathetic stimulation Adrenaline Adrenaline Negative ionotropic effect   strength of contraction Negative ionotropic effect   strength of contraction Parasympathetic stimulation Parasympathetic stimulation Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Vagal stimulation Vagal stimulation Cardiac Output Regulation of Stroke Volume