1. The Eighteenth Century English and American Literature & Selected Readings ：魏晓红 :weixiaohonghd@163.com : 13931098970

2. The Eighteenth Century An Overview of the 18 th Literature the Development of Poetry the Prosperity of Prose the Rising of Novels the Decline of Drama Pope, Blake, Burns Steele, Addison, Swift Defoe, Fielding, Smollett Goldsmith, Sheridan classicism: classicists realism: realists sentimentalism: sentimentalists pre-romanticists Pope, Steele, Addison Blake, Burns The Enlightenment Gray, Sheridan

3. The Eighteenth Century Contents Pre-romanticism Blake, Songs Burns, Red Rose Sentimentalism Part 4: The Eighteenth Century

4. The Eighteenth Century Sentimentalism

5. Sentimentalism in Poetry （ p.192 ） the first half of the 18th century the middle of the 18th century the latter half of the 18th century the classicism— enlighteners— Pope—heroic couplet sentimentalism pre-romanticism

6. The Eighteenth Century Definition of “Sentimentalism” 《自主学习与实践》 p.24

7. Features of Sentimental Writings discontent with the social reality struggle against feudalism sense the contradictions dissatisfied with reason 2) countryside for the material 3) sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants simple annals( 历史记载 )of the poor, still in a classical style 1) sentiment

8. The Eighteenth Century Representatives of Sentimentalism Thomas Gray 托马斯 · 格雷 William Cowper 威廉 · 柯伯 George Crabbe 乔治 · 格拉伯

9. The Eighteenth Century Thomas Gray 托马斯 · 格雷 (1716—1771) p.192

10. The Eighteenth Century Gray’s Masterpiece Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》 a mode of sentimentalist poetry a keen interest in the English countryside and a sincere feeling for the life of common people

11. The Eighteenth Century “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. 晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧。 The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea; 牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落； The plowman homeward plods his weary way. 耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄。 And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 把整个世界给了黄昏与我。

12. The Eighteenth Century William Cowper 威廉 · 柯伯 (1731—1800)

13. William Cowper William Cowper’s The Task 《任务》 is a long poem written in blank verse. It is well-known for its description of country scenes, of woods and brooks, of plowmen and teamsters( 卡车司机 ) and the letter-carrier on his rounds( 周围 ).

14. The Eighteenth Century George Crabbe 乔治 · 格拉伯 (1754—1832)

15. George Crabbe Crabbe’s masterpiece is ____________, a realistic picture of the English ___________. Crabbe is called “a Pope in worsted stockings.” (a person with strong scholarly or literary interests) The Village peasants 毛袜子

16. The Eighteenth Century Other Sentimentalist Poets 1) James Thompson 汤姆逊 Seasons 《四季》 2) Edward Young 扬格 Night Thoughts 《夜思》 3) William Collins 科林斯 To Simplicity 《致纯朴》, The Passions 《致情感》, To Evening 《夜颂》

17. The Eighteenth Century Pre-Romanticism

18. Definition of “Pre-Romanticism” 《简史》 p. 193 ( 《自主学习与实践》 pp.21-2)

19. Pre-Romanticists p.193 Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism. The pre-romantic poetry was ushered (introduced) by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton and represented by Blake and Burns.

20. The Eighteenth Century Thomas Percy 珀西 : Reliques of Ancient English Poetry 《英诗辑古》 1765 James Macpherson 麦克诽森 : Fingal 《芬哥儿》 1762 Thomas Chatterton 查特顿 : The Rowler Papers 《罗利诗篇》 Pre- Romanticist s hastened the decline of classicism and the revival of romanticism

21. The Eighteenth Century Chapter 14 William Blake 威廉 · 布莱克 (1757 - 1827)

22. The Eighteenth Century William Blake (1757—1827) Student’s Presentation

23. The Eighteenth Century Features of W. Blake ’ s Poems Early attempts at poetry: p.195 Spenserian stanza, Shakespearean, Miltonic blank verse, the ballad form, lyric metres contempt for the rule of reason — opposed to the classicism

24. The Eighteenth Century Features of Blake ’ s poems Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at ) religious knowledge. Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism.

25. The Eighteenth Century Representatives Songs of Innocence 1789 《天真之歌》 Songs of Experience 1794 《经验之歌》 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 1790 《天堂与地狱的婚姻》

26. The Eighteenth Century Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s Song of Innocence. pp.197-201

27. The Eighteenth Century Songs of Innocence p.197 It was written for children. Everything in the poem seems to be in harmony. But The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper in the collection show the racial discrimination and suffering.

28. The Eighteenth Century Songs of Innocence "Mother bore me in the southern wild, And I am black, but O! my soul is white; White as an angel is the English child, But I am black, as if bereav'd of light" ("The Little Black Boy") 我妈妈生我在南方荒凉的地方， 我黑，可是啊！我的灵魂洁白； 白得像天使的是英国人的孩子， 可我黑，黑得好像失去了光彩。 （ “ 黑人小孩 ” ） discrimination

29. The Eighteenth Century Songs of Innocence "When my mother died, I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarce cry 'weep, weep, weep, weep,' So young chimneys I sweep and in soot I sleep." ("The Chimney Sweeper") 我妈死去的时候我还很小， 我爸卖了我，那时我的小嘴 还叫不出 “ 扫，扫，扫，扫， ” 于是你的烟囱我扫，烟灰里我睡。 （ “ 扫烟囱的孩子 ” ） suffering

30. The Eighteenth Century Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s Song of Experience.

31. The Eighteenth Century Songs of Experience The contrast between "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" is of great significance, which marks a progress in the poet's outlook on life. His experience in the later years had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people's life.

32. The Eighteenth Century Thou hast a lap full of seed And this is a fine country: Why dost thou not cast thy seed And live in it merrily? 你有一个装满种子的裙兜， 这是个美好的邦国： 为什么你不抛撒种子， 欢乐地在其间生活？ Against the current of the capitalist world:

33. The Eighteenth Century Shall I cast it on the sand And turn it into fruitful land? For on no other ground Can I sow my seed Without tearing up Some stinking weed. 因为没别的地面 能让我播下种子 而无需拔掉 显见的杂草。 （ “ 你有一个装满种子的裙兜 ” 写于 1793 年） 可让我把它们播于沙地， 把它变为富饶的土地？ Against the current of the capitalist world:

34. The Eighteenth Century the lapsed Soul weeping in the evening dew “ 呼唤迷失的灵魂, 哭泣而涕下夜间的露水 ( 汗、泪 ) ” Is this a holy thing to see In a rich and fruitful land, Babes reduc'd to misery, Fed with cold and usurous hand? 难道这能算是至善， 在富饶多产的土地上 — 婴儿的境遇悲惨， 被冰冷的放债的手抚养？ Holy Thursday 升天节 A laughing child upon a cloud

35. The Eighteenth Century Holy Thursday 升天节 Is that trembling cry a song? Can it be a song of joy? And so many children poor? It is a land of poverty! 那嘶哭能算是歌声？ 能算是欢乐的歌声？ 那么多孩子不幸啊， 那是块贫瘠的土地！ white passion （真实的情感）

36. The Eighteenth Century Holy Thursday （升天节） And their sun does never shine, And their Fields are bleak and bare, And their ways are fill's with thorns: It is eternal winter there. 那里见不着阳光 土地荒芜不毛， 道路为荆棘所网： 冰雪四季不清。 white passion （真实的情感）

37. The Eighteenth Century The priest sat by and heard the child, In trembling zeal he seiz'd his hair: He led by his little coat, And all admir'd the Priestly care. 神父坐在他旁边谛听， 激动地抓住他的头发： 他拽着小外衣揪牢这孩子， 大家都佩服这神父的心机。 hate of the church and the clergy “A Little Boy Lost” ： “ 少年之失 ”

38. The Eighteenth Century The weeping child could not be heard, The weeping parents weeping in vain; They strip'd him to his little shirt, And bound him in an iron chain; 听不见哭着的孩子的声音， 哭着的双亲枉然地哭泣； 他被剥得只剩一件小衬衣， 被用一根铁链子捆起； The attack of the religious persecution

39. The Eighteenth Century The attack of the religious persecution And burn'd him in a holy place, Where many had been burn'd before: The weeping parents wept in vain. Are such things done on Albion's shore? 在一处圣地他被焚烧， 从前那焚烧过多人： 哭着的双亲枉然地哭泣。 这种事阿尔比思（英格兰的古称）海岸有吗？ （ “ 少年之失 ” ）

40. The Eighteenth Century Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s The Marriage of Heaven and Hell p. 200

41. The Eighteenth Century The Marriage of Heaven and Hell The prose work shows Blake’s spirit of revolt against oppression. He maintains liberty against the law of bourgeois society. One central idea is his denial of the authority of injustice.

42. The Eighteenth Century Proverbs of Hell "In seed time learn, in harvest teach, in winter enjoy." “ 播种时节学习，收获时节教诲，冬天享乐。 ” "The busy bee has no time for sorrow." “ 忙碌的蜜蜂没有时间去悲伤。 ” "He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence." “ 有所欲求而无所行动，就会滋生邪念。 ” "The most sublime act is to set another before you." “ 最崇高的行为是先人后己。 ”

43. The Eighteenth Century Proverbs of Hell If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise. 傻子如果坚持自己的愚蠢，就会变得聪明起来。 Eternity is in love with the productions of time. 永恒寓于爱之中，带着时间的成果。 Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bricks of Religion. 监狱用法律之石建造，妓院用宗教之砖砌成。

44. The Eighteenth Century Proverbs of Hell What is now proved was once only imagined. 现在得到证实的事情曾经只是幻想。 As the caterpillar chooses the fairest leaves to lay her eggs on, so the priest lays his curse on the fairest joys. 正如毛虫选择最美丽的叶子产卵一样，神父选择 最美妙的欢乐今宵诅咒。

45. The Eighteenth Century Proverbs of Hell "Improvement makes straight roads, but the crooked roads without Improvement are roads of Genius." “ 改良带来了笔直的道路， 但未获改良的弯曲小路是天才之路。 ”

46. The Eighteenth Century An Analysis of “The Tyger” Autonomous Learning and Practice pp. 98-100 Homework

47. The Eighteenth Century Questions How to comment on Blake?

48. The Eighteenth Century Comments on Blake p.201 1) Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century. 2) His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.

49. The Eighteenth Century Chapter 15 Robert Burns 罗伯特 · 彭斯 (1759-1796)

50. Student’s Presentation Group Work

51. Poetry of Burns The poems of Burns are written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects. 1) Political poems 2) Satirical poems 3) Lyrics Mainly, 3 kinds Examples

52. The Eighteenth Century common feelings of the working people 我只求大自然给我一点火种， 我所求的学问便全在此中！ 纵使我驾着大车和木犁， 浑身是汗水和泥土， 纵使我的诗神穿得朴素， 她可打进了心灵深处。 （王佐良译） p.192 “Epistle to J. Lapraid” “ 致拉布雷克书 ”

53. The Eighteenth Century in defiance of the rand and title of the gentlefolk 嘲弄王公豪绅 不管怎样变化，明天一定会来到 那时侯真理和品格 将成为整个地球的荣耀！ 管他们这一套那一套， 总有一天会来到： 那时侯全世界所有的人， 都成了兄弟，不管他们那一套！ （王佐良 译） Last Para. “For a’That and a ‘That” “ 不管那一套 ”

54. The Eighteenth Century “ 罗伯特布鲁士向班诺克本进发 ” songs of patriotism 打倒骄横的篡位者！ 死一个敌人，少一个暴君！ 多一次攻击，添一份自由！ 动手 —— 要不就断头！ （袁可嘉 译） the 5th stanza “Bruce at Bannockburn”

55. The Eighteenth Century songs of love and friendship pp.204-5

56. The Eighteenth Century Listen to the record of the poem

57. The Eighteenth Century A Red, Red Rose O my luve is like a red, red rose, 啊，我的爱人象红红的玫瑰， That’s newly sprung in June; 在六月里苞放； O my luve is like the melodie, 啊，我的爱人象一支乐曲， That’s sweetly played in tune. 乐声美妙、悠扬。

58. The Eighteenth Century A Red, Red Rose As fair thou art, my bonnie lass, 你那么美，漂亮的姑娘； So deep in luve am I; 我爱你那么深切； And I will luve thee still, my dear, 我会永远爱你，亲爱的， Till a’ the seas gang dry. 一直到四海涸竭。

59. The Eighteenth Century A Red, Red Rose Till a‘ the seas gang dry. 一直到四海涸竭。 And the rock melt wi’ the sun; 直到太阳把岩石消融！ And I will luve thee still, my dear, 我会永远爱你，亲爱的， While the sands o’ life shall run. 只要生命无穷。

60. The Eighteenth Century A Red, Red Rose And fare thee well, my only luve, 再见吧，我唯一的爱人， And fare thee well, a while; 再见吧，小别片刻； And I will come again, my luve, 我会回来的，我的爱人， Tho’ it were ten thousand mile! 即使万里相隔！

61. The Eighteenth Century An Analysis of “A Red, Red Rose” Rhetorical Devices 1) Simile, 2) Metaphor, 3)Personification, 4)Hyperbole, 5)Paradox 矛盾法， 6)Repetition, 1) Phonological 2) Lexical 3) Syntactical 1) Alliteration, 2)Assonance 谐音 1)Inversion 2)Parallelism

62. The Eighteenth Century Comments on Burns & His Poems 1. Burns was one of the most famous poets of the peasants in the world. 2. He obtained the characteristic of all old Scottish songs: simplicity, vividness, humor, directness and optimism, with a new spirit of romanticism.

63. The Eighteenth Century Comments on Robert Burns 3. As a poet of the laboring people, he pours out the sentiment of the people. 4. In his poems, he sings of his hometown and his people, love and friendship, nature, dignity, revolution, sympathy for the miseries of the poor, the Negro slaves.

64. The Eighteenth Century Comments on Robert Burns 5. His vivid dialects advanced colloquial language expression of his new poems. 6. He created a kind of symphonic meter( 交 响乐格律 ) of all his own, and lots of his poems have been set to music.

65. The Eighteenth Century 友谊地久天长 （卞之琳译） 怎能忘记旧日朋友 心中能不怀念 旧日朋友岂能相忘 为了往昔的时光 为了往昔的时光 朋友 为了往昔的时光 再来痛饮一杯欢乐酒 为了往昔的时光 我们曾游荡在荒山上 把芬芳的雏菊采摘摇晃 我们也曾拖着沉重的步伐 到处奔波流浪 逝去了往昔的时光 我们曾赤脚过河流 如今大海的怒涛把我们隔开 逝去了往昔的时光 p. 208-9

66. The Eighteenth Century 友谊地久天长 p. 208-9 Should auld acquaintance be forgot, and never brought to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot, for the sake of auld lang syne.

67. The Eighteenth Century 友谊地久天长 If you ever change your mind, but I living, living me behind, oh bring it to me, bring me your sweet love, bring it home to me.

68. The Eighteenth Century I’ll give you jewelry and money too. That’ s all, all I’ll do for you. oh bring it to me, bring me your sweet love, bring it home to me. Yeah~ Yeah~ 友谊地久天长

69. The Eighteenth Century Darling, you know I laughed when you left, but now I know that I only hurt myself. Please bring it to me, bring your sweet, sweet love, bring it home, bring it home to me. 友谊地久天长

70. The Eighteenth Century 友谊地久天长 If you ever change your mind, but I living, living me behind, oh bring it to me, bring me your sweet love, bring it home to me.

71. The Eighteenth Century For auld lang syne my dear, for auld lang syne, we’ll take a cup of kindness yet for the sake of auld lang syne. 友谊地久天长

72. The Eighteenth Century An Overview of the 18 th Literature the Development of Poetry the Prosperity of Prose the Rising of Novels the Decline of Drama Pope, Blake, Burns Steele, Addison, Swift Defoe, Fielding, Smollett Goldsmith, Sheridan classicism: classicists realism: realists sentimentalism: sentimentalists pre-romanticists Pope, Steele, Addison Blake, Burns The Enlightenment Gray, Sheridan

73. The Eighteenth Century Assignment 1. Memory ： Remember the representative works of each writer discussed and the writing features. 2. Reading ： Read the poems in the book. 3. Self Learning: The Tyger

74. The Eighteenth Century Assignment 3. Preview 1 ： Read Part Five English Romanticism: Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Lamb and Scott. 4. Preview 2 ： Read Part Six Critical Realism: Dickens, Thackeray, Austen, Charlotte, Emily, Eliot.

75. The Eighteenth Century Goodbye.