1. ‘ TIPP ’ T raining & I nformation P owerpoint P resentation H 2 S : The Basics

2. ‘ TIPP ’ Characteristics of H 2 S (Hydrogen Sulphide)  H 2 S is a highly toxic colourless gas, with an odour similar to rotten eggs.  It is heavier than air and will therefore, settle in low-lying areas.  And it has a lower explosive limit (4.3%) with an upper explosive limit (45%), this is 5 times greater than the explosive range of petrol.

3. ‘ TIPP ’  When ignited, burns with a blue flame and produces sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )… that is also a toxic gas. Characteristics of H 2 S

4. ‘ TIPP ’  Potential exposure to H 2 S exists during drilling operations at sour crude/sour gas locations, through, recycled mud, water, injection of steam/water to stimulate oil production and during blow-out conditions.  Potential exposure to H 2 S exists during field maintenance on tanks, voids, wells, seals etc. Potential Exposures to H 2 S

5. ‘ TIPP ’  Potential exposure to H 2 S also exists when tank gauging, breaking flanges and opening up lines at production, pipeline and refinery facilities.  Entry into confined spaces such as vessels, separators, valve pits, trenches etc, can also be sources of H 2 S hazards Potential Exposures to H 2 S

6. ‘ TIPP ’  Personal exposure to H2S must not exceed 10 parts per million (ppm) in any 8 hours. H 2 S Exposure

7. ‘ TIPP ’  10 – 22 ppm Eye Irritation  20 –100 ppm Corneal blistering (cornea of eye), Opacity of the eye Loss of sense of smell Headache Coughing and Nausea. Personal Effect to H 2 S Exposure

8. ‘ TIPP ’  100 – 300 ppm Respiratory difficulty and Irritation, Pulmonary Edema.  300 – 600 ppm Central and Peripheral Nervous System Effect, e.g. Tremors, Weakness, Numbness of Extremities, Unconsciousness and Convulsions. Personal Effect to H2S Exposure

9. ‘ TIPP ’  600 – 1,000 ppm Rapid Unconsciousness resulting in Death if Emergency Aid is not promptly administered.  1,000 ppm plus Cessation of Breathing (Instantaneous) and Death Personal Effect to H 2 S Exposure

10. ‘ TIPP ’ Essential Awareness and Precautions Recognise and respect the potential hazard Always follow the established work procedures Always monitor concentrations Always use respiratory protection as set down in the work procedures

11. ‘ TIPP ’  If competent in its use, always wear an air-fed breathing apparatus set before attempting a rescue. Rescue in H 2 S Service Failure to do so could result in you becoming a victim.

12. ‘ TIPP ’  Remove casualty immediately to fresh air.  If casualty is not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately.  If casualty ’ s heart has stopped, commence cardio- pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).  Keep casualty warm.  Once casualty has been removed to fresh air and normal breathing has been restored, keep under observation until relieved by qualified medical person. First Aid in H 2 S Service

13. ‘ TIPP ’ T raining & I nformation P owerpoint P resentation Thank you for your attention