1. The Internet MIT2000

2. Theoretical Predecessors Encyclopaedia ◦Encyclopédie  Denis Diderot ◦Encyclopaedia Britannica (1768) Knowledge and power ◦Political and informational 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History2

3. World Encyclopaedia/World Brain H.G. Wells Specialized learning 20 th century encyclopaedia ◦‘Clearing house for the mind’ ◦Networked 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History3

4. The Memex Vannevar Bush ◦Inventor, scientific advisor Information storage and retrieval ◦Microfilm ◦Required computer technology 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History4

5. The Memex II 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History5

6. Pre-Internet Technological Developments Computing ◦General purpose computers ◦The microprocessor  Ted Hoff at Intel (1971)  Ed Roberts: Altair 8800  Apple II and Personal Computer (PC) (late 1970s/early 1980s) Telecommunications ◦Packet switching (decentralized) ◦TCP/IP (1980) (standardization) 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History6

7. ARPANET US Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Sputnik / Communications/ nuclear attack J.C.R. Licklider ◦Inspired by Bush’s Memex Packet switching September 1, 1969 ◦4 nodes ( UCLA, Stanford, Santa Barbara, Utah) ◦111 nodes by 1977 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History7

8. A “Network of Networks” Social use New networks ◦MILNET ◦CSNET ◦BITNET ◦NSFNET “Network of networks” ◦ARPA-INTERNET, eventually just INTERNET Original ARPANET shut down in 1990 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History8

9. Internet’s Origins Enlightenment Age/store of all world’s knowledge “Fault-tolerant” networking technology (military purpose) Unite computer networks into single system 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History9

10. E-mail Ray Tomlinson ◦tomlinson@bbn-tenexa Not a primary development 1975: more than 50% of traffic 1990s: “killer app” 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History10

11. Hackers and Computer Counterculture Those excluded from ARPANET (1970s/80s) Modems New “online communities” ◦Usenet ◦Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) ◦Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link (WELL) ◦Multi User Dungeons (MUDs) 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History11

12. Regulation (or lack thereof...) No overseeing Internet authority ◦Some non-government organizations  ICANN Lack of control as strength ◦Democratizing  “The Web works because it is broken” (Weinberger) 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History12

13. Internet “Counterculture” networks shifted to Internet protocols Internet (1980s): Difficult to use ◦Text based; require specialized knowledge ◦Retrieval info retrieval ◦Millions of documents, but no catalogue/index 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History13

14. The World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee ◦“Father of the Web” Increased accessibility New inventions and protocols ◦Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) ◦Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ◦Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History14

15. Browsers, Multimedia, and Text Early browser attempts ◦Erwise, Viola Marc Andreessen ◦Mosaic (1993) ◦Netscape (1994) Faster spread of Internet use Text versus Multimedia (before 2005) ◦Despite multimedia options, text sees a “resurgence” ◦Email, Web pages, Instant messaging 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History15

16. The User-driven Internet: Information or Communication? Unanticipated socializing ◦Email ◦Online communities ◦Internet rivals telephone “Web 2.0” ◦Focus on flexible, collaborative web products  Wikis, FB, Instagram, blogs, social media 02/03/2016MIT 2000: Internet History16

17. MIT2000 Exam: Dec 17, 9-11AM Section 1 (3X5 =15 points) post mid-term material ◦ Identify/Significance 3 of 5 terms, concepts ◦ all post-midterm (4 Nov after) Section 2 (1X15 =15 points) ◦ short essay (1 of 2) (approx. 3 single-spaced pages) ◦ mostly, but not entirely, post-midterm content Section 3 (10 points) (4 Nov and after) ◦ 5 multiple-choice questions; (5) ◦ 5 or 10 match terms/concepts (either whole/half mark for each) Lectures and Readings (Closed Book exam)