1. KEV TSHAWBNRHIAV TXOG KEVCOG QOOBLOO ESXIAS HNUBTUAJ PHAB QABTEB SEASCEP (Southeast Asian Specialty Crop Experimental Project) Tus-Sau: Sam Vang

2. Koomtes Txhawbnqa Losntawm: USDA/Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS-National Outreach, Washington D.C. CSU-Fresno, Plant Science & Farm Operation Departments Sierra Resources Conservation District Bingo Grocery Store/KC Super Market Asian Village Shopping Center/Asian Super Market Agape Refugee Ministry and Services

3. KEV COG NKABNAB & NPAUV- TSHOIS CIM NTUJNO 1.KEV LAIJ-AV & COG 2.KEV TSWJ-ROJ 3.KEV TSWJ-KAB 4.KEV SIV DEJ 5.KEV SIV CHIV 6.COVQOOB SAUTAU & TUS YAMNTXWV ZOONKAUJ

4. Tus Tsim… Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 1.KEV LAIJ & KEV COG (Ground Preparation & Planting) A.Laijav (Disking) B.Zojntswg (Listing) C.Cog (Planting)

5. A.Laijav (Disking)  Yog cog lawvqab lwmyam qoob, nco ntsoov, thaum sau tejqoob tag yuavtsum siv tshuab zom losyog txiav tej khoom txhiamlaj txhiamxws kom ntsoogntxaws uantej laij tejav.  Yuavtsum laij tej av kom nws ntxheev thiab ntxaws zoo uantej yuav zoj covntswg.  Tejav yuavtsum ntsoog mosnyoos, thaum cog cov noobzaub thiaj yuav tuajzoo.  Ncontsoov txhob laij av ntau tshaj 3 lwm, nws yuav ua rau tejav muajfeem ceev (2 lwm sibteemkaum yog qhovzoo.)

6. a)Yuavtsum zoj cov ntswgteb lawvqab thaum laij covav tagnrho nws thiaj yuav zojtau covntswg zoo thiab xwmyeem. b)Yuavtsum siv lub cheeb zojntswg komzoo thiab sibluag zos thoobplaws rau koj daimteb. c)Tusntswg kom davli 48 ntiv musrau 60 ntiv, (48” - 60”.) d)Tusntswg kom siabli 6 ntiv musrau 8 ntiv, (6” – 8”.) B.Zojntswg (Listing)

7. a)Av yuavtsum sov txog 40 degree Farenheit cov noobzaub thiajli tuaj zoo thiab xwmyeem. b)Lubcaij cog cimzaub ntujso (ntujnag): 3 hlisntuj tim 1 mus txog rau tim 10. (Tejxyoo huabcua yuav hloov, ncontsoov raws xyuas tej kevsov ntawm tej hnwbhnub.) c)Lubcaij cog cimzaub ntujtsaug: 8 hlintuj tim 25 mus txog rau 9 hlisntuj tim 5. d)Tusntswg dav 48 ntiv (48”), cog tau ob kabzaub. e)Tusntswg dav 60 ntiv (60”), cog tau peb kabzaub. C.Cog (Planting)

8. Cog Nrug Licas? Zaub Npauv-Tshois: 1)Cog nrug ntawm ibkab mus rau ibkab yog 12 ntiv deb (12”) 2)Cog nrug ntawm ib tsobzaub mus rau ib tsobzaub yog 4–6 ntiv (4–6”) Zaub Khabnab: 1)Cog nrug ntawm ibkab mus rau ibkab yog 10-12 ntiv deb (10-12”) 2)Cog nrug ntawm ib tsobzaub mus rau ib tsobzaub yog 4–6 ntiv (4–6”)

9. Tus Tsim… Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 2.KEV TSWJ NROJ (Weed Management) A.Tsis Siv Tshuaj Thiab Siv Ntxheb Nthua (Cultural control) B.Siv Tshuaj Tswj (Chemical control) C.Siv Ntxheb Nthua (Mechanical control) D.Ncu Av (Solarization)

10. a)Siv kev ualiaj uateb uas cog ibyam qoob raws lwmyam qoob uas yuav pab ceevtau tej yamnroj losyog ntau yamnroj (Crop rotation) b)Cog covqoob kom sibti (tuab) yuav pab ceev tejnroj kom txhob laumtau tejzaub (Crop row spacing) c)Thaum tshib covzaub, tseg komtuab, muajntau tsobzaub tauj acre yuav uarau tejnroj hlob cawb pob thiab tuagmus (Crop population) A.Tsis Siv Tshuaj Thiab Siv Ntxheb Nthua (Cultural control)

11. B.Siv Tshuaj Tswj (Chemical control) a)Tsuagtshuaj Rau Av Uantej Cog (Pre-emergent) a.Do covtshuaj rau hauv av komntxaws (Incorporate) b.Ciali tsuagtshuaj rau av xwb tsis doli (Band) b)Tsuagtshuaj Tomqab Covnroj Tuajkaus lawm (Post-emergent) a.Tsuagtshuaj rau thajchaw uas muaj nroj tuaj xwb (Spot spray)

12. Covtshuaj Tuanroj Sivtau Rau: 1)Zaub Npauv-Tshois I.DCPA 2)Zaub Khabnab I.Poast II.Prefar III.Treflan Ncontsoov sablaj nrog tusneeg paubtab txog kev sivtshuaj thiab siv komraug raws txojcai siv tshuaj nyob rau ntawm lub xeev losyog lubnroog koj nyob.

13. C.Siv Ntxheb Nthua (Mechanical control) a)Hom muaj hniav ntua (Springtooth) b)Hom muaj hniav kauv ua li kablaugsab cov testaw ntua (Spider)

14. D.Ncu Av (Solarization) a)Siv ntaubrojhmab kaj (clear plastic) vov cov av komzoo txhob pub dimpa thaum lub caij ntujsov (Kev kub huabcua nraumzoov yuavtsum siab txog 90 degree F. rovsaud) b)Yog siv xovrojhmab tsodej (drip), vov ntaubrojhmab tag mam tsodej thiab tso kom ntubzoo c)Yog tsodej rawskwj (furrow irrigation), tsodej uantej mam li vov ntaubrojhmab d)Yuav tau nqispeev siab mentsis e)Tsuas sivtau rau cimqoob ntujsov (ntujtsaug)

15. Tus Tsim… Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 3.KEV TSWJ KAB (Pest Management) A.Tsis-Siv Tshuaj Tswj (Cultural control) B.Siv Kabzoo Tswj Kabphem (Biological control) C.Siv Tshuaj Tswj (Chemical control) D.Siv Tshuab Losyog Tes Tswj (Mechanical control)

16. A.Tsis Siv Tshuaj Thiab Siv Ntxheb Tswj (Cultural control) a)Cogqoob sibhloov (Crop rotations) b)Kev laij tejqoob thaum sau tagnrho (Tillage methods) c)Cog covqoob uas tivthaiv losyog nres tau tejyam kab (Resistant or tolerant varieties)

17. B.Siv Kabzoo Tswj Kabphem (Biological control) a)Covkab uas nyob dairau lwm tuskab lubcev (Parasites) b)Covkab uas noj lwm tuskab (Predators) c)Covhmob (kab) me me (Diseases) d)Covkabtxiv uas raug samlawm (Male sterile technique) e)Huabcua, (txias & kub) (Temperature) f)Kev noo (Moisture)

18. C.Siv Tshuaj Tswj (Chemical control) a)Tua komtuag (Kill) b)Tua komtsw uarau kab tsis nyiam (Repel) c)Tua kom kab nyiam (Attract) d)Tua kom cov kabtxiv deev cov kabniam txhob daug tau menyuam (Sterilize)

19. Covtshuaj tuakab sivtau rau: 1)Zaub Npauv-Tshois  Neemix 2)Zaub Khabnab  Admire, Ambush, Bts, Dimethoate, Lannate, Malathion, Neemix, Provado, Sevin, thiab Thiodan Ncontsoov sablaj nrog tusneeg paubtab txog kev sivtshuaj, tsis tasli siv kom raws txojcai sivtshuaj tua kab nyob rau ntawm lubzos loyog lubxeev koj nyob.

20. D.Siv Tshuab Losyog Tes Tswj (Mechanical control) a)Cuab tawb thiab ntxaij (Traps) b)Siv tshav-ci losyog suabnrov kom kab tsivtawm ntawm cov zaub mus (Light and sound)

21. Tus Tsim… Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 4.KEV TSODEJ (Irrigation Management) A.Tso Homtwg (Method) B.Thaumtwg? (When?) C.Tso Licas? & Npaum Licas? (How? & How Much?)

22. A.Tso Homtwg (Method) a)Tso raws xovrojhmab (Drip) b)Tso raws kwj (Furrow irrigation) c)Tso tsuagrau (Sprinkler)

23. B.Thaumtwg? (When?) a)Siv “small soil probe” khawb av los ntsuam xyuas kevnoo uantej tsodej b)Siv “Feel Method” khawb cov av ze rau ntawm hauvpaus qoob cojlos xuab ntawm tes, ntsuam tej kevnoo uantej tsodej c)Siv “Tensiometer” losyog “Gypsum Block” ntsuas kevnoo d)Ntsuas kevnoo ntawm cov av piv rau kev sov ntawm tej hnwbhnub

24. C.Tso Licas? & Npaum licas? (How? & How much?)  Cag zaub Npauv-Tshois thiab zaub Khabnab mus tob rau hauv av thajtsam li 1 –1 ½ tshim (1 – 1 ½ ft.) Tabsis feemntau ntawm cov cagzaub yuav nyob ntiav tshaj lintawm ½ tshim rau ntawm npoov av, yog li kev tsodej yuav tau uazoo xyuas thiab paubmeej tias yuav tso licas thiab npaum licas thiaj txaus.

25. Dej Siv Thaumpib Txog Thaumkawg

26. Tus Tsim… Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 5.KEV TSOCHIV (Fertilizer Management) A.Tso Homtwg (Method) B.Thaumtwg? (When?) C.Tso Licas? (How?) D.Npaum Licas? (How Much?)

27. A.Tso Homtwg (Method) a)Tseb (Broadcast) b)Tso rau ibsab ntawm covqoob (Sidedress) c)Nqus rau hauv cov kavdej (PVC) losyog kav rojhmab (Inject) d)Tsuag (spray)

28. B.Ntaumtwg? (When?) a)Yuavtsum khawb av mus tshawbxyuas (test) seb muaj (Nitrate N) npaum licas uantej yuav tsochiv ntau los tsawg. b)Thaum covzaub muajli 4 daig tseemnplooj, rov khawb dua covav coj mus tshawbxyuas seb muaj (Nitrate N) npaum licas uantej yuav paub tsochiv ntau los tsawg. c)Thaum covzaub muaj hnubnyoog 28 – 32 hnub, khawbav thiab de cov nplooj (nruabnrab ntawm cov nploojlaus thiab nploojmos) coj mus tshawb xyuas kom paub txog cov (Nitrate N) nyob hauvav thiab zaumnplooj mam tsochiv.

29. C.Tso Licas? (How?) a)Tseb chivlub kom ntxaws thoobplaws koj daimteb uantej koj laij zaumkawg thiab zoj ntswg, (Pre-plant.) b)Tso chivkua raws rau hauv cov kavrojhmab, (drip) thaum tsobqoob muaj hnubnyoog li 18 hnub los yog tom qab 4 daig tseem nplooj, (Sidedress.) c)Tso chivkua raws rau hauv cov kavrojhmab, (drip) tomqab thaum tsobqoob muaj hnubnyoog 28 mus rau 32 hnub, losyog uantej li 2 limpiam yuav sau covqoob, (Pre-harvest.)

30. D.Npaum Licas? (How much?) a)Tsochiv zaum ib: (Pre-Plant) 20 lbs.N/A Chivlub (Losyog kuaj cov-av kompaub txog cov txhais-chiv uas muaj nyob rau hauv-av uantej tso) b)Tsochiv zaum ob: (Sidedress) 25 lbs.N/A Chivkua c)Tsochiv uantej sau: (Pre-Harvest) 51 lbs.N/A) Chivkua

31. a)Tsochiv Zaum Ib (Pre-plant) 20 lbs.N/A Chivlub  Laij daimteb komzoo  Muab covchiv lub tseb kom xwmyeem thoobplaws rau daimteb  Tomqab tseb covchiv, rub cov ntswgteb rau mam li cog covzaub

32. b)Tsochiv Zaum Ob (Sidedress) 25 lbs.N/A Chivkua Zaub Npauv-Tshois; Tso chivkua thaum cov yubzaub muaj 4 daig tseemnplooj Zaub Khabnab: Tso chivkua thaum cov yubzaub muaj 4 daig tseemnplooj

33. c)Tso Chiv Uantej Sau (Pre-harvest) 51-76 lbs.N/A) Chivkua  Zaub Npauv-Tshois: Tso chivkua zaumkawg losyog uantej sau rau thaum covzaub muaj hnubnyoog 28-30 hnub suav tab txijli thaum cog los. (Sau tibnpaj xwb)  Zaub Khabnab: Tso chivkua zaumkawg losyog uantej sau rau thaum covzaub muaj hnubnyoog 30-32 hnub suav tab txijli thaum cog los. Tomqab sau thawjlwm tag tso li 25 lb.N/A dua ces kav mus txog rau sau tag cimzaub. (Sau peblwm)

34. Tus Tsim… 6.KEV SAUTAU & TUS YAM NTXWV ZOONKAUJ (Yield & Quality) A.Zoo-Nkauj (quality), Hom (sizes), thiab Cov-Xim (color) B.Sautau Tag-Nrho (Yield) C.Nqis Tuspeev (Cost) Sam Vang, SEASCEP Coordinator, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fresno County. Phone: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3

35. A.Zoo-Nkauj (Quality) Zaub Npauv-Tshois  Cov kav yuavtsum dawb paug thiab pham nthoob.  Cov nplooj yuavtsum ntsuabdoog, ci nplas, thiab tuab npawv.  Tsobzaub tsis siab tshaj 8 ntiv (8 inches).

36. A.Zoo-Nkauj (tsuas-ntxiv…) Zaub Khabnab  Tsob zaub yuav tsum zoo doog ntsuab xiab.  Tuskav yuav tsum phamn thoob.  Ntsuas kom muaj li 2 - 3 nti puagcig (2 – 3 inches diameter.  Muaj tauv paj saum ntsis tab tom ua cos thiab ximn tsuab.doog  Tus zaub thaum hlais, kom nws muaj 2 rau 3 daig nplooj xwb, thiab ntev li 8 – 10 ntiv (8 – 10 inches in length.)

37. Hom (Sizes) Zaub Npauv-Tshois Nyem qhov no Homloj (Large) mus saib daimduabHomloj Nyem qhov no Hom nrab (medium) mus saib daimduabHom nrab Nyem qhov no Hom me (small) mus saib daimduabHom me

38. Hom (Sizes) Zaub Khabnab Nyem qhov no Homloj (Large) mus saib daimduabHomloj Nyem qhov no Hom nrab (medium) mus saib daimduabHom nrab

39. B.Sautau Tag-Nrho (Yield) Zaub Npauv-Tshois

40. B.Sautau Tag-Nrho (Yield) Sautau tagnrho (13,196 lbs./A) loslog (6.6 tons/A) Zaub Khabnab

41. C.Nqis Tuspeev Cog Zaub Npauv- Tshois & Khabnab 1.Rent$ 250.00 2.Ground Prep.$ 45.00 3.Seed$ 60.00 4.Custom hire$ 48.00 5.Fertilizer$ 15.00 6.Pesticide/herbicide$ 8.00 7.Utility$ 15.00 8.Harvest/trucking$ 550.00 9.Supplies$ 35.00 Total:$1,126.00/A Xam losntawm 500 boxes/A & 30 lbs/B

42. Lusnug? Question? Yog koj muaj lusnug losyog xavpaub ntau tshaj no ntxiv sauntawv losyog hu xovtooj musrau kuv tau rawsli nramqab no: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service 4625 W, Jennifer Ave, Suite 125 Fresno, CA 93722. Xovtooj: (559) 276-7494 Ext. 3 Losyog e-mail sam.vang@ca.usda.govsam.vang@ca.usda.gov

43. Uatsaug! Thank you! Kev ualiaj uateb yog ib teg haujlwm tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawm tibneeg lubneej. Ncontsoov tsistxhob novqab tsoom tubliaj ntxhaisteb, txhawb lawv lubzog losntawm kev mus pab yuav tej qoobloo noj uas koj tsevneeg ibtxwm nyiam nyob rau ntawm lub khw muagzaub ze ntawm koj.