1. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-1 Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9th Edition any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-2 Sexual Identity Sexual orientation is a pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Recent data indicates that 3.5% of the population identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. The visibility of LGBTQ individuals as a group is higher than ever.

3. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-3 Diverse Sexual Orientations The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973. There are differing opinions on the causes of homosexuality: Nature/Heredi ty Environmental Factors Does it Matter?

4. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-4 Diversity of Sexual Orientations LGBTIQ L-Lesbian G-Gay B-Bisexual T-Transgender (Transvestite or Transsexual) I-Intersex Q-Questioning or Queer Individuals must have the freedom to determine their own sexual identity using the terms that have the most meaning for themselves.

5. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-5 Self-Identity Stage 1 – Realization Stage 2 – Exploration Stage 3 – Identification Stage 4 – Pride development LGBT individuals appear to move through stages of development as they become comfortable with their sexual identity.

6. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-6 Intersection with Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Individuals have multiple identities that influence our membership in different cultural groups. Students ’ membership in multiple groups also has an impact on their relationships with other students and their treatment by these students. LGBTQ students are helped with their identity struggles and societal obstacles by supportive educators and peers.

7. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-7 Fighting for Sexual Equity Throughout the 20 th century, literature and music were sources of expression for the youth who broke the sexual norms. The Lavender Scare was a period the 1950s when homosexuals were thought to be more of a threat to national security than Communists. A gay rights movement was born in 1969 at Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.

8. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-8 Struggles for Sexual Equity Progress for gay rights and the elimination of discrimination against gays has occurred since 1969 although numerous obstacles periodically halted significant changes. Differences between conservatives, feminists, and LGBT persons fueled “ cultural wars ”. In the 1980s, members of the LGBT community mobilized against AIDS and growing homophobia in society.

9. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-9 One Step Forward, One Step Backward Disagreements exist within the LGBT community about strategies and tactics, but most agree to fight against discriminatory laws and practices. Debates about civil unions and marriage continue in both religious and secular arenas, but the public is becoming more accepting of gay and lesbian relationships.

10. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-10 Continuing Challenges Even though a growing number of gays and lesbians are open about their sexual identity, many continue to fear reprisal from employers, neighbors, or friends. A number of policy and political changes have been made over the past two decades, but these changes are often limited to a few communities or states.

11. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-11 A Targeted Minority Heterosexuality is the privileged sexual identity in U.S. society and the world. LGBTQs are now the victims of hate crimes more than any other group in the United States. LGBTQ youth may experience invisibility and isolation in their homes, communities, and schools.

12. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-12 The School Climate Heterosexism can lead to harassment in schools. Harassment can occur through electronic means such as text messages and e-mails. Professional educators have the responsibility to provide a safe and inclusive environment for all students.

13. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-13 LGBTQ Teachers Gay and lesbian educators often separate their personal and professional lives for fear of losing their jobs. Fear of reprisal prevents many teachers from serving as role models for gay and lesbian students. Several recent court cases are focusing on working conditions related to teachers ’ sexual orientation.

14. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-14 Schools that Value Sexual Diversity The formal and informal curricula usually reinforce the values of the dominant culture. Reasons for supporting an inclusive curriculum include:

15. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-15 Queering the Curriculum Explore the privilege of heterosexuality and study the history of LGBTs and their struggles for equality. Include books and short stories by a variety of authors. Middle and Secondary School Explore gender roles and definitions of family. Provide opportunities to read stories, engage in play activities, and pursue friendships with children of the opposite sex. Early Childhood and Elementary School

16. Gollnick/Chin Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, 9e © 2013, by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-16 Supporting LGBTQ Students LGBTQ information is generally legal in most states, but some southern states limit how it is incorporated into sex education classes. Teachers can provide a safe environment that promotes diversity and embraces differences. Safe school policies should be comprehensive. Gay-straight alliances may help students feel safer and more secure.