1. Disability in a Labor Market and Higher Education Context Paul E. Harrington Center for Labor Market Studies Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts October 7, 2008

2. Persons with Disabilities: The ACS Definition The definition of disability is the same as that used by the U.S. Census Bureau in its official estimates of the nation’s disabled population from the American Community Survey (ACS) and exactly the same as that used by the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center of Cornell University in its analysis of the ACS. The Census Bureau defines disability as a long-lasting sensory, physical, mental, or emotional condition or conditions that make it difficult for a person to do functional or participatory activities such as seeing, hearing, walking, climbing stairs, learning, remembering, concentrating, dressing, bathing, going outside the home, or working at a job. The disability status of respondents is based on self- identification of the disability by respondents.

3. (continued) Persons with Disabilities: The ACS definition An individual respondent to the ACS survey will be classified as “disabled” if he or she answers “yes” to one or more of the following six questions: Does the person have long-lasting conditions of blindness, deafness, or a severe vision or hearing impairment? Does the person have a long-lasting condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying?

4. (continued) Persons with Disabilities: The ACS definition Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more, does this person have any difficulty in: learning, remembering, or concentrating? dressing, bathing, or getting around inside the home? going outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor’s office? Working at a job or business?

5. Incidence of Disability Among the Working Age Population in New England, 2005-06 Incidence of DisabilityPopulation Population with Disability Share of Population with a Disability 16-211,013,274 79,2587.8% 22-546,577,853 638,6819.7% 55-59 895,891 162,56618.1% 60-64 671,779 146,81421.9% 65-69 481,664 124,04725.8% 70-74 405,289 129,02831.8% 75-79 375,800 157,91142.0% 80+ 527,713 327,53162.1% All 16+10,949,262 1,765,83416.1%

6. Incidence of Disability Among the Working Age Population In New England, 2005-2006

7. Distribution of the Working Age Population by Disability Status and Age For All 16+ Non- Disabled Non Disabled Percent DistributionPopulation Percent Distribution 16-21934,01610.2%79,2584.5% 22-545,939,17364.7%638,68136.2% 55-59733,3258.0%162,5669.2% 60-64524,9665.7%146,8148.3% 65-69357,6173.9%124,0477.0% 70-74276,2623.0%129,0287.3% 75-79217,8892.4%157,9118.9% 80+200,1822.2%327,53118.5% All 16+9,183,428100.0%1,765,834100.0%

8. Incidence of Disability Among the Working Age Population in New England, 2005-06 TotalPopulation Population with Disability Share of Population with a Disability All 16+10,949,262 1,765,83416.1% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma 1,664,843 493,42429.6% H.S. Diploma/GED 3,192,522 633,80319.9% Some College 2,716,103 377,33613.9% Bachelor Degree 2,037,866 158,7787.8% Master's or Higher Degree 1,337,928 102,4947.7%

9. Incidence of Disability in the Civilian Non Institutional Working Age Population in New England, 2005-06

10. Distribution of the Working Age Population by Disability Status and Educational Attainment Non Disabled Percent Distribution Population with Disability Percent Distribution All 16+9,183,428100.0% 1,765,834100.0% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma1,171,41912.8% 493,42427.9% H.S. Diploma/GED2,558,71927.9% 633,80335.9% Some College2,338,76825.5% 377,33621.4% Bachelor Degree1,879,08920.5% 158,7789.0% Master's or Higher Degree1,235,43413.5% 102,4945.8%

11. Incidence of Disability in the Civilian Non Institutional Working Age Population by Selected Age Groups and Educational Attainment in New England, 2005- 2006

12. The Incidence of Disability by Selected Age and Educational Attainment among the Civilian Non Institutional Population in New England, 2005-2006 55-6465-6970-7475-7980+ All19.7%25.8%31.8%42.0%62.1% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma41.3%44.5%44.2%54.0%69.0% H.S. Diploma/GED23.6%25.7%31.8%42.1%63.1% Some College18.8%24.1%30.0%38.2%57.4% Bachelor Degree10.7%16.5%22.1%31.9%51.3% Master's or Higher Degree9.7%12.6%20.9%28.8%51.6%

13. Incidence of Disability Among those Aged 55+ in New England, by Level of Educational Attainment, 2005-2006 Population Population with DisabilityIncidence 55+3,358,1351,047,89631.2% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma 615,722 315,45151.2% H.S. Diploma/GED1,084,910 376,14534.7% Some College 708,309 191,43027.0% Bachelor Degree 483,357 90,43718.7% Master's or Higher Degree 465,837 74,43416.0%

14. Incidence of Disability Among those Aged less than 55 in New England, by Level of Educational Attainment, 2005-2006 Population Population with DisabilityIncidence Less than 557,591,127717,9399.5% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma 579,933117,28020.2% H.S. Diploma/GED2,107,612257,65912.2% Some College2,007,795185,9069.3% Bachelor Degree1,554,509 84,3445.4% Master's or Higher Degree 872,091 28,0603.2%

15. Incidence of Disability Among Those Aged 55 to 79 in New England, by Level of Educational Attainment, 2005-2006 Population Population with DisabilityIncidence 55-792,830,422720,36525.5% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma 458,462206,87245.1% H.S. Diploma/GED 884,297249,48528.2% Some College 625,030143,66023.0% Bachelor Degree 433,175 64,69114.9% Master's or Higher Degree 429,459 55,65713.0%

16. Labor Force Status of the Total Civilian Non Institutional Working Age Population in New England, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment Rate Employment Rate 16-2159.3%17.0%49.2% 22-5484.3%5.0%80.1% 55-5976.6%4.1%73.4% 60-6458.7%4.0%56.4% 65-6933.0%3.6%31.8% 70-7418.6%3.5%17.9% 75-7910.5%4.1%10.1% 80+3.9%3.1%3.8% All 16+68.7%5.8%64.7%

17. Labor Force Measures, Civilian Non Institutional Population in New England, 2005-06

18. Labor Force Participation Rate of the Civilian Working Age Population by Disability Status in New England DisabilityWith DisabilityNo DisabilityNo/With 16-2151.9%59.9%115.5% 22-5450.7%87.9%173.5% 55-5940.7%84.6%208.0% 60-6429.3%66.9%228.8% 65-6919.2%37.8%196.9% 70-749.7%22.7%233.2% 75-796.2%13.6%219.2% 80+1.8%7.3%408.0% All 16+29.8%76.2%255.7%

19. Unemployment Rate of the Civilian Working Age Population by Disability Status in New England With Disability No DisabilityNo/with 16-2131.8%15.9%50.0% 22-5413.0%4.5%34.6% 55-5910.3%3.5%33.6% 60-647.4%3.6%48.7% 65-694.1%3.6%87.3% 70-744.8%3.2%67.7% 75-794.8%3.8%79.6% 80+5.4%2.2%41.5% All 16+12.9%5.3%40.8%

20. Employment Rate of the Civilian Working Age Population by Disability Status in New England With DisabilityNo DisabilityNo/with 16-2135.3%50.4%142.5% 22-5444.1%84.0%190.5% 55-5936.5%81.6%223.9% 60-6427.1%64.5%238.1% 65-6918.4%36.5%198.0% 70-749.3%22.0%237.0% 75-795.9%13.1%221.5% 80+1.7%7.2%421.7% All 16+26.0%72.2%278.1%

21. Labor Force Participation Rate, Unemployment Rate and Employment Rate of the Civilian Non Institutional Population in New England, by Disability Status and Level of Educational Attainment. 2005-06 Labor Force Participation RateUnemployment RateEmployment Rate Non Disabled Not DisabledDisabled Not DisabledDisabled Not DisabledDisabled All 16+76.2%29.8%5.3%12.9%72.2%26.0% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma55.7%19.1%14.1%20.5%47.8%15.2% H.S. Diploma/GED75.2%28.0%6.0%13.4%70.7%24.2% Some College80.0%39.9%4.8%12.1%76.2%35.0% Bachelor Degree81.8%39.7%3.1%7.2%79.2%36.8% Master's or Higher Degree81.9%40.3%2.4%4.7%80.0%38.4%

22. Labor Force Measures for the 55 to 64 Year Old Civilian Non Institutional Population, by Education and Disability Status, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment RateE/P With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability 55-6435.277.29.23.532.074.5 <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma20.767.814.26.517.863.4 H.S. Diploma/GED32.073.49.43.629.070.8 Some College43.079.38.14.039.576.2 Bachelor Degree47.679.07.62.944.076.8 Master's or Higher Degree53.581.86.92.549.879.8

23. Labor Force Measures for the 65-69 Year Old Civilian Non Institutional Population, by Education and Disability Status, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment RateE/P With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability 65-6919.237.84.13.636.518.4 <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma11.830.33.36.428.411.4 H.S. Diploma/GED18.733.24.12.632.318.0 Some College24.740.55.63.639.123.3 Bachelor Degree24.141.83.7 40.223.2 Master's or Higher Degree34.446.42.53.244.933.5

24. Labor Force Measures for the 70-74 Year Old Civilian Non Institutional Population, by Education and Disability Status, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment RateE/P With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability 70-749.722.74.83.29.322.0 <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma7.214.75.12.86.914.3 H.S. Diploma/GED8.521.07.53.67.920.2 Some College13.925.50.94.513.824.3 Bachelor Degree7.124.99.42.46.524.3 Master's or Higher Degree19.332.13.02.318.731.4

25. Labor Force Measures for the 75-79 Year Old Civilian Non Institutional Population, by Education and Disability Status, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment RateE/P With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability 75-796.213.64.83.85.913.1 <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma4.410.1na 4.19.7 H.S. Diploma/GED5.111.5na 5.011.0 Some College9.014.6na 8.013.8 Bachelor Degree6.916.8na 6.916.3 Master's or Higher Degree14.321.9na 14.321.2

26. Labor Force Measures for the 80+Year Old Civilian Non Institutional Population, by Education and Disability Status, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment RateE/P With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability With Disability No Disability 80+1.87.32.25.41.77.2 <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma1.34.2na 1.24.0 H.S. Diploma/GED1.45.0na 1.44.9 Some College2.68.8na 2.48.5 Bachelor Degree3.112.5na 2.512.5 Master's or Higher Degree3.815.6na 3.815.1

27. Labor Force Participation Rate, Unemployment Rate and Employment Rate of the Civilian Non Institutional Population in New England, by Disability Status and Level of Educational Attainment, 2005-06 Labor Force Participation RateUnemployment RateEmployment Rate Non Disabled Not DisabledDisabled Not DisabledDisabled Not DisabledDisabled All 16+76.2%29.8%5.3%12.9%72.2%26.0% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma55.7%19.1%14.1%20.5%47.8%15.2% H.S. Diploma/GED75.2%28.0%6.0%13.4%70.7%24.2% Some College80.0%39.9%4.8%12.1%76.2%35.0% Bachelor Degree81.8%39.7%3.1%7.2%79.2%36.8% Master's or Higher Degree81.9%40.3%2.4%4.7%80.0%38.4%

28. Distribution of the Labor Force by Disability Status and Educational Attainment Not Disabled Percent DistributionDisabled Percent Distribution All 16+6,995,710100.0%526,015100.0% <12 or 12, No H.S. Diploma652,2069.3%94,058.517.9% H.S. Diploma/GED1,924,48727.5%177,248.533.7% Some College1,869,95826.7%150,457.528.6% Bachelor Degree1,536,93722.0%62,95712.0% Master's or Higher Degree1,012,12314.5%41,293.57.9%

29. Total Civilian Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds818,666716,267-102,399-12.5% 20-24 year olds939,686889,903-49,783-5.3% 25-29 year olds846,704986,161139,45716.5% 30-34 year olds851,3321,028,594177,26220.8% 35-44 year olds2,184,7251,918,169-266,556-12.2% 45-54 year olds2,217,6311,908,747-308,884-13.9% 55-64 year olds1,605,9492,061,617455,66828.4% 65-69 year olds499,168818,793319,62564.0% 70-74 year olds414,512677,230262,71863.4% 75+ year olds887,5351,148,591261,05629.4% Total11,265,90812,154,072888,1647.9%

30. Male Civilian Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds412,594361,848-50,746-12.3% 20-24 year olds466,092444,890-21,202-4.5% 25-29 year olds419,080487,83668,75616.4% 30-34 year olds425,707507,76982,06219.3% 35-44 year olds1,057,827938,910-118,917-11.2% 45-54 year olds1,076,826926,468-150,358-14.0% 55-64 year olds773,483989,128215,64527.9% 65-69 year olds234,960379,699144,73961.6% 70-74 year olds186,257304,062117,80563.2% 75+ year olds339,779436,39096,61128.4% Total5,392,6055,777,000384,3957.1%

31. Female Civilian Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds406,072354,419-51,653-12.7% 20-24 year olds473,594445,013-28,581-6.0% 25-29 year olds427,624498,32570,70116.5% 30-34 year olds425,625520,82595,20022.4% 35-44 year olds1,126,898979,259-147,639-13.1% 45-54 year olds1,140,805982,280-158,525-13.9% 55-64 year olds832,4661,072,489240,02328.8% 65-69 year olds264,208439,095174,88766.2% 70-74 year olds228,255373,168144,91363.5% 75+ year olds547,756712,201164,44530.0% Total5,873,3036,377,072503,7698.6%

32. Total Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds406,146280,280-125,866-31.0% 20-24 year olds723,530661,586-61,944-8.6% 25-29 year olds717,606851,401133,79518.6% 30-34 year olds725,647914,760189,11326.1% 35-44 year olds1,847,7211,615,577-232,144-12.6% 45-54 year olds1,877,1481,647,563-229,585-12.2% 55-64 year olds1,110,1241,526,571416,44737.5% 65-69 year olds170,671347,781177,110103.8% 70-74 year olds76,390141,26864,87884.9% 75+ year olds59,916137,05677,140128.7% Total7,714,8998,123,844408,9455.3%

33. Male Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds198,333131,548-66,785-33.7% 20-24 year olds366,740328,956-37,784-10.3% 25-29 year olds377,529456,04778,51820.8% 30-34 year olds395,396498,133102,73726.0% 35-44 year olds969,802852,249-117,553-12.1% 45-54 year olds960,094808,125-151,969-15.8% 55-64 year olds571,080730,985159,90528.0% 65-69 year olds95,026180,82485,79890.3% 70-74 year olds42,86973,18530,31670.7% 75+ year olds33,75868,37434,616102.5% Total4,010,6274,128,426117,7992.9%

34. Female Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds207,813148,732-59,081-28.4% 20-24 year olds356,790332,630-24,160-6.8% 25-29 year olds340,077395,35455,27716.3% 30-34 year olds330,251416,62786,37626.2% 35-44 year olds877,919763,328-114,591-13.1% 45-54 year olds917,054839,438-77,616-8.5% 55-64 year olds539,044795,586256,54247.6% 65-69 year olds75,645166,95791,312120.7% 70-74 year olds33,52168,08334,562103.1% 75+ year olds26,15868,68242,524162.6% Total3,704,2723,995,417291,1457.9%

35. Total Disabled Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds67,17458,792-8,382-12.5% 20-24 year olds70,50066,792-3,708-5.3% 25-29 year olds63,54174,00710,46616.5% 30-34 year olds61,23374,02512,79220.9% 35-44 year olds207,029181,825-25,204-12.2% 45-54 year olds295,709254,523-41,186-13.9% 55-64 year olds327,246420,09892,85228.4% 65-69 year olds120,728198,04077,31264.0% 70-74 year olds121,634198,73077,09663.4% 75+ year olds441,002570,913129,91129.5% Total1,775,7961,526,832-248,964-14.0%

36. Male Disabled Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds38,65933,904-4,755-12.3% 20-24 year olds36,75435,082-1,672-4.5% 25-29 year olds31,13436,2425,10816.4% 30-34 year olds29,25634,8965,64019.3% 35-44 year olds103,24691,639-11,607-11.2% 45-54 year olds139,995120,447-19,548-14.0% 55-64 year olds157,654201,60843,95427.9% 65-69 year olds56,66091,56334,90361.6% 70-74 year olds52,76786,14133,37463.2% 75+ year olds156,493200,99044,49728.4% Total802,618731,523-71,095-8.9%

37. Female Disabled Population Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds28,51524,888-3,627-12.7% 20-24 year olds33,74631,709-2,037-6.0% 25-29 year olds32,40737,7655,35816.5% 30-34 year olds31,97739,1297,15222.4% 35-44 year olds103,78390,186-13,597-13.1% 45-54 year olds155,714134,076-21,638-13.9% 55-64 year olds169,592218,49048,89828.8% 65-69 year olds64,068106,47642,40866.2% 70-74 year olds68,867112,58943,72263.5% 75+ year olds284,509369,92385,41430.0% Total973,178795,309-177,869-18.3%

38. Total Disabled Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds29,42020,198-9,222-31.3% 20-24 year olds42,18938,512-3,677-8.7% 25-29 year olds36,15242,9616,80918.8% 30-34 year olds34,90644,0049,09826.1% 35-44 year olds106,81093,367-13,443-12.6% 45-54 year olds139,287122,377-16,910-12.1% 55-64 year olds115,734159,30343,56937.6% 65-69 year olds25,81352,73426,921104.3% 70-74 year olds11,21220,8569,64486.0% 75+ year olds16,30437,72321,419131.4% Total557,827632,03474,20713.3%

39. Male Disabled Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds16,36610,855-5,511-33.7% 20-24 year olds23,22220,830-2,392-10.3% 25-29 year olds20,52224,7904,26820.8% 30-34 year olds18,51323,3234,81026.0% 35-44 year olds53,49547,011-6,484-12.1% 45-54 year olds69,54158,534-11,007-15.8% 55-64 year olds58,75875,21116,45328.0% 65-69 year olds13,93026,50712,57790.3% 70-74 year olds5,91710,1014,18470.7% 75+ year olds8,47317,1618,688102.5% Total288,737314,32325,5868.9%

40. Female Disabled Labor Force Changes in New England from 2006 to 2020 (projected) 20062020AbsoluteRelative 16-19 year olds13,0549,343-3,711-28.4% 20-24 year olds18,96717,683-1,284-6.8% 25-29 year olds15,63018,1712,54116.3% 30-34 year olds16,39320,6814,28826.2% 35-44 year olds53,31546,356-6,959-13.1% 45-54 year olds69,74663,843-5,903-8.5% 55-64 year olds56,97684,09227,11647.6% 65-69 year olds11,88326,22714,344120.7% 70-74 year olds5,29510,7545,459103.1% 75+ year olds7,83120,56212,731162.6% Total269,090317,71148,62118.1%