1. How did the Catholic Church Counter the Protestant Reformation? Do Now: In the future, you have raised two beautiful children. You have done everything in your power to ensure that followed the best path possible in life. However, you just discovered that they are making decisions in their lives that go completely against your beliefs and values- decisions that you truly believe are morally corrupt and will only lead them to a bad place. What would you do?

2. Religions in Europe 1600 CE

3. I How did the Catholic Church Respond to the Protestant Reformation? A) Recall that in 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of Tetzel’s Church. This led to a division in Christianity between the Catholic Church and Protestants. B) The Catholic Church believed that Protestants were heretics, and that they needed to be brought back into the Catholic Church. C) Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent (1545 – 1563), to decide how to reform the Catholic Church and to encourage Protestants to come back. Results of the Council of Trent: 1. Catholic traditions and rituals are of equal importance to the Bible. 2. The only correct interpretation of the Bible is that of the Catholic Church. 3. Clergy must be celibate.

4. Excerpts from the Council of Trent DECREE CONCERNING INDULGENCES : Whereas the power of conferring Indulgences was granted by Christ to the Church… In granting them, however, It desires that… moderation be observed... And being desirous that the abuses which have crept therein, and by occasion of which this honorable name of Indulgences is blasphemed by heretics, be amended and corrected, It ordains generally by this decree, that all evil gains for the obtaining thereof,--whence a most prolific cause of abuses amongst the Christian people has been derived,--be wholly abolished… DECREE CONCERNING PURGATORY : …the holy Synod enjoins on bishops that they diligently endeavor that the sound doctrine concerning Purgatory… be believed, maintained, taught, and every where proclaimed by the faithful of Christ. But let the more difficult and subtle questions… be excluded from popular discourses before the uneducated multitude. In like manner, such things as are uncertain, or which labor under an appearance of error, let them not allow to be made public and treated of. …

5. How did the Catholic Church Respond to the Protestant Reformation? Continued… D) The inquisition’s power was increased, to find and reconvert heretics. E) The Church created the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered blasphemous (writings that goes against the Church) or immoral. Banned books included most translations of the Bible, and the works of Erasmus, Calvin and Luther. Later even the Talmud was banned! Recall that during the Inquisition, inquisitors (investigators) would question people suspected of heresy. If they did not confess and convert to Catholicism, they would then be tortured. "Irreligious and immoral books are written in a seductive manner, often with themes which deal with fleshly passion, or themes that deceive the pride of the soul. These books are carefully written to make an impression and aim at gaining ground in both the heart and mind of the incautious reader… No matter how much true literary and scientific values a book can possess, it cannot legitimate the distribution which opposes the religion and good custom. On the contrary, the more subtle and seductive the evil is, the more it necessitates stronger and more efficient suppression of it.” – Index of Forbidden Books

6. How did the Catholic Church Respond to the Protestant Reformation? Continued… F) 1540 the Pope officially recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits mission was to spread Catholicism worldwide. In Ignatius’ lifetime, Jesuits missionized in India, Brazil, the Congo, and Ethiopia. They established multiple colleges including the Gregorian University in Rome. The Jesuits also ran several charitable organizations, such as one for former prostitutes. In his message to the 35th General Congregation of Jesuits in 2008, Pope Benedict XVI declared: “The Church needs you, counts on you, and continues to turn to you with confidence, particularly to reach the geographical and spiritual places where others do not reach or find it difficult to reach.” – Jesuits.org, 2015

7. II The 30 Years War (1618 – 1648) A Conflict Between Hapsburg Monarchs (Catholics) and German Princes (Protestants)

8. The 30 Years War Continued… A) The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars fought among numerous central and Western European powers between 1618 and 1648. These wars had multiple causes, but religious issues were a leading factor. Following the Protestant Reformation, tension between Catholics and the different factions of Protestants grew. B) When Catholic Ferdinand II became Crown Prince of Bohemia (one of the many independent kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire) many Protestants feared their religious rights would be jeopardized. They rebelled and sought support from other leading Protestant states, including England, the Dutch Republic, Demark, and Sweden. In 1619, Ferdinand II became the Holy Roman Emperor. He formed alliances with other Catholic states, including Spain and Hungary. C) At first, the Holy Roman Empire's imperial army was successful against Protestant Germany. However, in 1631, Swedish intervention and French assistance allowed the Protestants to achieve victory at the Battle of Breitenfeld; the first major Protestant victory in the conflict. France became involved because it was surrounded on both sides by Habsburg dynasties: Spain (in the West) and the Holy Roman Empire (in the East).

9. The 30 Years War Continued… D) Exhausted from years of warfare, and neither side able to gain a decisive advantage, negotiations among the European powers finally resulted in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. E) In addition to ending the war, the Peace of Westphalia also granted certain liberties: Each state or kingdom was free to decide its own religion Religious minorities had the right to practice their religion freely*This helped to establish the idea of political sovereignty. F) The Thirty Years' Wars caused some Europeans to become skeptical of religion as well as of the divine right of kings, paving the way to the Enlightenment (Age of Reason).

10. The 30 Years War Continued… "On both sides, all should be forever forgotten and forgiven… so that neither because of that, nor for any other reason or pretext, should anyone commit, or allow to happen, any hostility, unfriendliness, difficulty, or obstacle in respect to persons, their status, goods, or security itself, or through others, secretly or openly, directly or indirectly, under the pretense of the authority of the law, or by way of violence within the Kingdom, or anywhere outside of it, and any earlier contradictory treaties should not stand against this. Instead, [the fact that] each and every one, from one side and the other, both before and during the war, committed insults, violent acts, hostilities, damages, and injuries, without regard of persons or outcomes, should be completely put aside, so that everything, whatever one could demand from another under his name, will be forgotten to eternity.” – Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

12. III Witch Hunts Christians had believed in witches (those who worked with the devil through use of magic) for centuries. The Malleus maleficarum [Hammer of witches], written by Friars Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer in 1486, was considered to be the most informed source on witches. Mass fear, trials and executions dramatically increased following the Protestant and Counter Reformations. These fears even spread to the Americas, as seen by the infamous Salem Witch trials in Massachusetts, 1692. “– "All wickedness is but little to the wickedness of a woman.... What else is woman but a foe to friendship, an inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, domestic danger, a delectable detriment, an evil nature, painted with fair colors.... Women are by nature instruments of Satan -- they are by nature carnal, a structural defect rooted in the original creation." Malleus Maleficarum “The Hammer of the Witches” 1485

13. IV Consequences of the Counter- Reformation PositiveNegative The threat of Protestantism forced the Catholic Church to end corrupt practices such as selling indulgences. The Inquisition led to the torture and deaths of thousands. It inspired witch hunts and anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) Jesuits built schools around the world and even built astronomical observatories. The Index of Forbidden Books suppressed any viewpoints that did not agree with the Catholic Church. The Treaty of Westphalia allowed for limited religious freedom, and the right for European nations to be sovereign (the right to rule themselves). Conflict between Protestants and the Catholic Church increased. This led to the 30 Years War (1618 – 1648) fought between the Hapsburgs (Catholic monarchs) and German princes (Protestants). It ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.

14. Consequences of the Counter- Reformation Continued… B) Many Protestants fled persecution in Europe, and ended up in… America!

15. HW Questions 1.Fill in your Period 4 chart for the 30 Years War. 2.What was the goals of the Counter-Reformation? How was it carried out? Was it successful? How do you know? *Use evidence from the Council of Trent excerpts.* 3.Do you agree with the tactics used by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation? Explain and use evidence to support your answer. 4.Do you think the increase in witch hunts in the 16 th century was a coincidence or do you think it was tied to the Protestant and Counter-Reformations? What does the excerpt from the Malleus Maleificarum tell you about the status of women at this time in Western Europe?

16. Key Vocabulary 30 Years War Blasphemous Council of Trent Counter-Reformation Hapsburgs Ignatius of Loyola Index of Forbidden Books Inquisition Jesuits Malleus Maleficarum Treaty of Westphalia Witch Hunts