2. Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things
UNIT 1
Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things
Chapter 1: Cells and More Cells
Chapter 2: Plants: From Cells to Systems
Chapter 3: Animals: From Cells to Systems

3. CHAPTER 1 Cells and More Cells
In this chapter you will investigate the:
similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
stages of mitosis and its importance for growth and repair
stages of the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer
process of cell division in normal and abnormal cells
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

4. 1.1 Studying the Structure of Cells
(Page 7)
The development of the microscope in the 1660s increased our understanding of the human body and led to the discovery of cells.
Cell – the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life
Microscopy – the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

5. Microscopy Review the parts of a microscope and their functions
(Pages )
Microscope Animation
the parts of a microscope and their functions
microscope use
slide preparation
how to determine the field of view and magnification
how to draw to scale and label scientific diagrams of specimens
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

6. Bright field/ Dark field Transmission Electron
Types of Microscopes
(Pages 8-9)
Leeuwenhoek
Bright field/ Dark field
Fluorescence
Transmission Electron
Phase-contrast
Scanning Electron
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7. Cell Structure
(Page 10)
One of the first structures to be seen clearly through a microscope was the nucleus.
The nucleus is the organelle that controls the cell’s activities.
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

8. The Cell Theory 2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.
(Page 11)
The Cell Theory was proposed by German scientists in the late 1830s. Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden used their studies of plants and animals to formulate the first two ideas. In 1855 Rudolph Virchow added the final one. The theory states that:
1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

9. Animal and Plant Cell Organelles
(Pages 12-13)
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
The cytosol (the fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus) is filled with many specialized organelles.
There are some important differences between the organelles found in plant and animal cells.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

10. Animal and Plant Cell Organelles
(Pages 12-13)
Click the “Start” button to review the various organelles in animal and plant cells and their functions.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

11. All Cells Use Energy
(Page 14)
Cellular Respiration – a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen
Mitochondria – the site in animal and plant cells
where cellular respiration takes place
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

12. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section 1.1 Review
(Page 15)
Concepts to be reviewed:
types of microscopes and their use
cell structure
The Cell Theory
similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
cellular respiration
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

13. 1.2 Genes: Answers and Questions
(Page 16)
Chromosome – a thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus of a cell
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – material found in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information
Gene – a segment of DNA that controls protein production
Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

14. Genes Direct Protein Production
(Page 17)
Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

15. Genes Direct Protein Production
(Page 17)
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

16. The DNA Code
(Pages 17-18)
In 1953 scientists James Watson and Francis Crick created this model of DNA (the twisted ladder design is sometimes called a “double helix”).
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

17. DNA Screening
(Pages 19-20)
A karyotype is a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person’s cells. Individual chromosomes from the karyotype can be mapped and then be examined for any irregularities.
Karyotype
Chromosome/Gene Map
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

18. Issues Related to DNA Screening
( Pages )
DNA testing can reveal genetic disorders (such as Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington Disease) and can help determine how susceptible a person might be to ailments such as cancers and heart disease.
The controversy related to genetic testing revolves around a variety of social issues.
(family) - sensitive
Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

19. Altering Genes / Transgenic Organisms
(Pages 22-23)
Transgenic Organism – an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species. These organisms are considered to be genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Possible Uses For GMOs
Production of non-allergenic human proteins
Development of pest resistant crops
Increased growth of crops and livestock
Concerns
Spread of disease from GMOs
Negative effects on ecosystems
Allergic reactions from eating GMOs
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

20. Cloning
(Pages 24-25)
Cloning – the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism
Pros and Cons of Cloning
Pro: Copies are made of “superior” animals. (increased milk & meat production)
Con: Clones may be less disease resistant
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

21. Click the “Start” button to discover the details involved in cloning.
(Pages 24-25)
Click the “Start” button to discover the details involved in cloning.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

22. Mutations Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism
( Pages )
Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism
Mutagen – a substance or factor that can cause a mutation in DNA. Examples: radiation (X-Rays, UV radiation), mercury, cigarette tar
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

23. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section 1.2 Review
( Page 28 )
Concepts to be reviewed:
genetic material in the nucleus: DNA, chromosomes, and genes
the structure of DNA
DNA screening and related issues
issues related to altering genes
transgenic organisms
cloning
mutations
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.