1. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 1 Random/Exhaustive Search l Generate and Test 1. Generate a candidate solution and test to see if it solves the problem 2. Repeat l Information used by this algorithm You know when you have found the solution

2. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 2 Hill Climbing 1. Generate a candidate solution by modifying the last solution, S 2. If the new solution, N, is “better” than S then S := N 3. Repeat l Local Search l Information used by this algorithm Compare two candidate solutions and tell which is better

3. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 3 Population of Hill Climbers l Randomly generate initial population of hill climbers (Randomly generate initial candidate solutions) l Do hill climbing in parallel l After time t, choose best solution in population l Information used by this algorithm Same as hill climbing

4. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 4 Genetic Algorithms l Population of information exchanging hill climbers l Concentrates resources in promising areas of the search space l Information used: Same as hillclimbing

5. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 5 Hard problems l Computational complexity, problem size = n Binary SearchO(log(n)) Linear SearchO(n) Bubble SortO(n^2) SchedulingNP-complete (at least exponential == O(a^n)

6. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 6 Hard problems l Poorly defined RoboticsHow do we catch a ball, navigate, play basketball User Interfaces Predict next command, adapt to individual user MedicineProtein structure prediction, Is this tumor benign, design drugs DesignDesign bridge, jet engines, Circuits, wings ControlNonlinear controllers

7. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 7 Search as a solution to hard problems l Strategy: generate a potential solution and see if it solves the problem l Make use of information available to guide the generation of potential solutions l How much information is available? Very little: We know the solution when we find it Lots: linear, continuous, … Modicum: Compare two solutions and tell which is “better”

8. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 8 Search tradeoff l Very little information for search implies we have no algorithm other than RES. We have to explore the space thoroughly since there is no other information to exploit l Lots of information (linear, continuous, …) means that we can exploit this information to arrive directly at a solution, without any exploration l Modicum of information (compare two solutions) implies that we need to use this information to tradeoff exploration of the search space versus exploiting the information to concentrate search in promising areas

9. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 9 Exploration vs Exploitation l More exploration means Better chance of finding solution (more robust) Takes longer l More exploitation means Less chance of finding solution, better chance of getting stuck in a local optimum Takes less time

10. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 10 Choosing a search algorithm l The amount of information available about a problem influences our choice of search algorithm and how we tune this algorithm l How does a search algorithm balance exploration of a search space against exploitation of (possibly misleading) information about the search space? l What assumptions is the algorithm making?

11. Computer ScienceGenetic Algorithms Slide 11 Genetic Algorithm l Generate pop(0) l Evaluate pop(0) l T=0 l While (not converged) do Select pop(T+1) from pop(T) Recombine pop(T+1) Evaluate pop(T+1) T = T + 1 l Done